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Chapter 17 Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the differences between plasma and interstitial fluid are? | 1. levels of respiratory gasses, due to respiratory activities of tissue cells 2. concentration and types of dissolved proteins |
| whole blood is used to indicate? | that blood composition has not been altered |
| which organ synthesizes and releases more that 90 percent of all plasma proteins? | liver |
| which plasma protein is the most abundant and contribute to osmotic pressure of plasma? | albumins |
| transport globulins | bind small ions, hormones and lipids |
| which plasma protein is responsible for blood clotting | fibrinogen |
| the major plasma electrolytes are | Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO, HPO, and SO |
| used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells | organic nutrients |
| the RED BLOOD CELL COUNT report the number of RBCs per ______ of whole blood | microliter |
| what are stacks of RBCs called | rouleaux |
| what are the three functional aspects of red blood cells? | 1. large surface area-to-volume ratio 2. RBCs can stack 3. Flexibility |
| hemoglobin | oxygen transport protein |
| each hb molecule has 2 alpha and 2 beta chains of polypeptides, each hb chain contains a single molecule of ____, a non-protein pigment complex | heme |
| a hemoglobin molecule whose iron is not bound to oxygen is called | deoxyhemoglobin |
| each heme unit holds an iron ion in such a way that the iron can interact with an oxygen molecule, forming______ | oxyhemoglobin |
| macrophages | 1.monitor condition of RBCs, (engulfing) them before they hemolyze 2.removing hg molecules and cell fragments from RBC that hemolyze in blood stream |
| _______ is an organic compound with a green color. It is converted into _______ and released into the bloodstream | biliverdin, bilirubin |
| iron extracted from heme molecules may be stored in the phagocyte or released into the bloodstream, where it binds to ________ a plasma protein | transferrin |
| if bile ducts are blocked or the liver cannot process bilirubin, circulating levels of the compound _____. Bilirubin diffuses into the peripheral tissues, giving them a yellow color known as _____ | rise, jaundice |
| (EVENTS OCCURRING IN THE LIVER) bilirubin released from macrophages bind to _____ and is transported to the _____ for excretion in bile | albumin, liver |
| EVENTS OCCURRING IN THE LARGE INTESTINE In the large intestine bacteria convert bilirubin to ______ and ______. Feces are yellow-brown due to the presence of these materials. | urobilins, stercobilins |
| cells destined to become RBCs first differentiate into | proerythroblasts |
| pro-erythroblasts differentiate into ___ , which actively synthesize hemoglobin | erythroblasts |
| erythroblasts are named according to total size and ______ | amount of hg, size and appearance of the nucleus |
| after roughly four days of differentiation, the erythroblasts are now called a | normoblast |
| when normoblast shed its nucleus it becomes a ____ , which contains 80% of the Hb of a mature RBC. | reticulocyte |
| after ____ days in bone marrow, reticulocytes enter bloodstream. After ____ hrs in circulation reticulocytes complete their maturation and become indistinguishable from the other mature RBCs. | 2, 24 |
| in adults, blood cell formation, or ______, occurs only in ___ or _____ | erythropoiesis, red bone marrow, myeloid tissue |
| myeloid tissue is located in portions of the ___ | vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis and proximal limb bones |
| under extreme stimulation, such as sever and sustained blood loss, areas of yellow marrow can convert to _______, increasing the rate of RBC formation. | red marrow |
| ___ is a classification determined by specific surface antigens in RBC plasma membranes | blood type |
| cross reaction | immunologic reaction between a given antigen and an antibody |
| if cross reactions occur, cells may agglutinate and hemolyze. This can be dangerous because clumps and fragments of RBCs can plug small ______ in the kidneys, lungs, heart, or brain or destroying affected tissues. | blood vessels |
| _____ indicates the presence of the Rh surface antigen, ______ indicates the absence of Rh surface antigen | Rh positive, Rh negative |
| when the mothers antibodies cross the placenta, attacking and destroying fetal RBCs this condition is called | hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) |
| hemolytic disease of the newborn can be quite dangerous when involving the ____ surface antigen because ______ antibodies are able to cross the placenta and enter the fetal blood stream. | Rh, anti-Rh antibodies |
| the most common form of hemolytic disease of the newborn develops after an ______ women has carried an ______ fetus | Rh-, Rh+ |
| exposure to fetal red blood cell antigens generally occur during ____, when bleeding takes place at the placenta and uterus. | delivery |
| HDN is also known as | erythroblastosis fetalis |
| a newborn with severe HDN is ____, and the high concentration of bilirubin produces ______ | anemic, jaundice |
| wbc circulate for only a short portion of their life span using the blood stream. White blood cells spend most of their time migrating through ___ through out the body | loose and dense CT |
| when circulating wbc's in the bloodstream become activated, they contact and adhere to vessel walls and squeeze between adjacent endothelial cells to enter the surrounding tissue. This process is called | emigration or diapedesis |
| all white blood cells are attracted to specific chemical stimuli. This "characteristic", called _____ guides wbc's to _____, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs | positive chemotaxis, invading pathogens |
| WBCs capable of phagocytosis are | neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes |
| what are the 3 types of granular leukocytes | neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil |
| what are the 2 types of agranular leukocytes | monocyte lymphocyte |
| _____ have abundant cytoplasmic granules that absorb histological stains, such as ____ or ______ stain | granular leukocytes, Wright stain, Giemsa stain |
| ____ have few, if any, cytoplasmic granules that absorb histological stain | agranular leukocytes |
| macrophages are ____ that have moved out of the blood stream and have become actively ________ | monocytes, phagocytic |
| stem cells derived from hemocytoblasts are | lymphoid stem cells, myeloid stem cells |
| ____ are stem cells in red bone marrow that divide to give rise to all types of formed elements other than lymphocytes | myeloid stem cells |
| ____ or multi potent stem cells, found in red bone marrow of adults. Their divisions give rise to 2 types of stem cells responsible for producing all formed elements | hemocytoblasts |
| during their development and growth, ______ manufacture structural proteins, enzymes, and membranes before shedding cytoplasm in small membrane-enclosed packets. These packed are the platelets that enter the blood stream | megakaryocytes |
| erythropoietin "EPO" is released | 1. during anemia 2. when blood flow to kidneys decline 3. when the oxygen content of the air in the lungs decline 4. when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are damaged |
| once EPO is in the bloodstream, it is carried to areas of _______, where it stimulates stem cells and developing RBCs. | red bone marrow |
| establishes a framework for tissue repair and responsible for stopping the loss of blood through walls of damaged vessels | hemostasis |
| the vascular phase of hemostasis last for ___ after injury occurs. It is dominated by the response of the ____and the ____ of vessels walls | 30 min, endothelial cells, smooth muscle |
| Events of the vascular phase | 1. endothelial cells contract and expose the basil lamina to blood stream 2. endothelial cells release chemical factors and local hormones (endothelia's) 3. endothelial plasma membranes become "sticky" |
| 2 things endothelins are responsible for | 1. stimulate smooth muscle contractions and promote vascular spasms 2. stimulate division of endothelial/smooth muscle cells and fibroblast to accelerate the repair process |
| the platelet phase of hemostasis begins with the attachment of platelets to ____ surfaces, to the _____, to exposed _____ , and to each other | sticky, basil lamina, collagen fibers |
| what are the chemicals released by activated platelets? | ADP "adenosine diphosphate", PDGF "platelet-derived growth factor, Ca ions, platelet factors and chemicals |
| ____ stimulates platelet aggregation and secretion | ADP "adenosine diphosphate" |
| platelet factors are | proteins that play a role in blood clotting |
| Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a | peptide that promotes vessel repair |
| Ca ions are required for ____ in the platelet phase | platelet aggregation and clotting process |
| the coagulation phase of hemostasis does not start until ____. | 30 sec or more AFTER the vessel has been damaged |
| the extrinsic pathway begins with the release of ____ by damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues | tissue factor |
| many clotting factors are _____ | proenzymes |
| the activation of one proenzyme commonly creates a chain reaction or ___ | cascade |
| extrinsic pathway | tissue factor tissue factor + Ca + CLOTTING FACTOR = Tissue Factor Complex activation factor X |
| the common pathway begins when enzymes from either extrinsic or intrinsic pathway activate factor X, forming the enzyme ____ | prothrombinase |
| prothrombinase converts the proenzyme prothrombin into the enzyme ____ | thrombin |
| intrinsic pathway | activated proenzymes Platelet factor + Ca + Clotting Factor = Factor X activator complex activation factor X |
| common pathway | Factor X, Prothrombinase formed, prothrombin converted to thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
| as repairs proceed, the clot gradually dissolves, this process is called | fibrinolysis |
| Fibrinolysis begins with the activation of the proenzyme ____ by thrombin, produced by the common pathway, and _____, released by damaged tissues | plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator |
| platelets contract, and the entire clot undergoes a ______, a process that continues over a period of 30-60 minutes and pulls the cut edges together | clot retraction |
| venipuncture is commonly used because | 1. superficial veins are easy to locate 2. wall of veins are thinner than arteries 3. bp in venous system is low, so wound seals quickly |
| a deficiency in ____ prevents normal stem cell divisions in the bone marrow, which can result in _____. Fewer red blood cells are produced, those that are produced are ____ | vitamin B12, pernicious anemia, macrocytic |
| iron deficiency anemia | normal hemoglobin synthesis cannot occur because normal reserves or dietary intake of iron are inadequate |
| sickle cell anemia results from | mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule |
| to develop sickle cell anemia, an individual must have ____ , one from each parent | 2 copies of the sickling gene |
| sickling trait gives an individual some resistance to | malaria |
| diverse group of inherited blood disorders caused by an inability to produce adequate amounts of normal protein subunits of hemoglobin | thalassemias |
| aka blood poisoning, pathogens are multiplying in the blood and spreading throughout the body | septicemia |
| a condition in which bacteria circulate in the blood but do NOT multiply there. ____ is a similar condition associated with viruses | bacteremia, viremia |
| ___characterized by the presence of abnormal granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) or other cells of the bone marrow. ____ involves lymphocytes and their stem cells. | Myeloid leukemia, lymphoid leukemia |
| malaria is a parasitic disease caused by several species of the __ | protozoan plasmodium |
| in ____, bacterial toxins activate several steps in the coagulation process converts fibrinogen to fibrin within the circulating blood | disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
| what may occur in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? | clotting abilities decline and uncontrolled bleeding |
| plasma proteins include.. | albumins, immunoglobulins, transport globulins, fibrinogen, fibrin, plasma |
| normal ranges of hemoglobin | 14-18g/deciliter "dL" in males and 12-16 g/dL in females |
Created by:
btuehara
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