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Biol 223 Intro/Cells
Intro + cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts (gross and microscopic) |
| Physiology | The study of how organisms perform their vital functions. (Specific structures) |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment. Dynamic process, fluctuates within "normal ranges." Environmental changes -> activity of cell, tissue, or organ system. Ex: body temp, water level, calcium, blood pressure, etc. |
| Homeostatic Regulation | Adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis. |
| Negative Feedback | Receptor senses stimulus, control center activates receptor, effector produces response to correct the situation. (Corrects) |
| Positive Feedback | Receptor senses a stimulus, control center activates effector, effector exaggerates or enhances the response. (Promotes) |
| Receptor | A sensor that recognizes a stimulus (environmental change). Ex: thermometer |
| Control Center | Processes information from the sensor. Ex: thermostat |
| Effector | Produces an activity. Ex: air conditioner |
| Autoregulation (Intrinsic) | Cells, tissues, or organ systems. Sense various environmental changes and can activate response mechanisms that adjust activity. Typically localized |
| Extrinsic Regulation | Nervous or endocrine system. Senses various environmental changes, sends signals to cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems causing activation of response mechanisms that adjust activity. Widespread response. |
| Symptoms | Subjective. What a person experiences and describes; not easily measurable; pain, anxiety, nausea, etc. |
| Signs | Objective. What is physically observable or measurable; urine analysis, x-ray, MRI, temperature, heart rate, etc. |
| Explain the function of negative feedback systems. | Meant to correct and keep system within normal range. Provide long term control over body's internal conditions. Counteracts effects of stimuli. |
| What happens to the body when homeostasis breaks down? | The body has no way of maintaining "normal." Organ systems function less effectively, leading to disease and if not corrected, death. |
| Explain how a positive feedback system works | Amplifies or reinforces effects of a stimulus; snowball effect. Ex: hormones cause contractions during labor, contractions cause more hormone released and thus even more contractions. |
| Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for the regulation of body temperature? | Causes clot to form and prevents body from bleeding out. Body temp must not go outside of normal range and pos feedback would force outside of normal range. |
| Define equilibruim | Balance; rate of forward reaction equals back reaction; everyone is happy. (Dynamic state) |
| When the body continuously adapts by utilizing homeostatic regulation, it is said to be in a state of _____________ equilibrium. | Dynamic |
| What is the correct order (smallest to largest) of the six levels of organization in the human body? | Molecule < cell < tissue < organ < organ system < organism |
| The increasingly forceful labor contractions during childbirth are an example of ______________. | Negative feedback |
| Failure of homeostatic regulation in the body results in ____________. | Disease |
| The hormone calcitonin is released from the thyroid gland in response to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. If this hormone is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would calcitonin have on blood calcium levels? | Blood calcium levels would drop with increased calcitonin levels. (Vice versa) |
| It is a warm day and you find yourself a little chilled. On checking your temperature, you find that your body is 1.5°C below normal. Suggest some possible reasons for this situation. | May be losing heat faster than can be produced (x); hormones may have caused a disease affecting metabolic rate; infection may have changed body's set "thermostat" |
| Cells | Smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions; each maintains homeostasis at cellular level. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Human body cells (eu - you). 10-100 micrometers. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Bacteria, no nucleus. 1-10 micrometers. |
| Parasites | Single celled = protista; multicellular = fungi, insects, etc. (Eukaryotic) |
| Viruses | Need host (Not cells) |
| Interstitial Fluid | Surrounds cells. Aka: extracellular fluid |
| Cell Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophilic phosphate group on surface, hydrophobic tails inside. "Fluid mosaic membrane": membrane proteins + cholesterol Glycocalyx on extracellular surface for recognition of foreign things. |
| Transport Proteins | Binding site - one at a time |
| Channel Proteins | Just opens and things go through (ex: Na+ channels) |
| Functions of Membrane Proteins | Attach to cytoskeleton for structure Cell identity - recognition factors Receptors - respond to stimuli/other cells |
| "Membrane Flow" | Cell membrane is dynamic system; golgi, ER, vesicles, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Exocytosis | Release of something onto surface of cell. Ex: hormone, neurotransmitter, waste, etc. |
| Rough ER | Contains ribosomes; synthesis of proteins (translate mRNA) |
| Smooth ER | Involved in synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Processes and packages products of the rER and sER. |
| Proteasomes | Digest damaged or abnormal proteins. |
| Peroxisomes | Enzymatic breakdown of lipids and toxins (organic molecules). |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles with mult. digestive enzymes. Digest organelles, engulfed materials, etc. for recycling. |
| Mitochondria | ATP production through aerobic (O2) respiration of small organic molecules - creates CO2 as waste. Large number in cytoplasm of metabolically active cells w/aerobic respiration (anaerobic have fewer). Independent/self sustaining; own DNA; produces H2O |
| Nucleus | 23 pairs of chromosomes DNA -(transcribed)-> mRNA -(translated)-> Proteins Mature red blood cells don't have one! |
| DNA | Encodes for proteins; lipids and carbohydrates created or destroyed by enzymes (proteins). |
| Stem Cells | Adult - retain ability to divide into one or a few types of cells Naive - true stem cells; can divide into anything |
| Neural Tissue | Nerves, support cells, spinal cord, sensory organs. Conveys information from one area to another in the form of electrical signals. Receive stimuli -> create signal, interprets other signals. Controls effectors (ex: muscle). |
| Muscle Tissue | Specialized for contraction. Skeletal (movement), cardiac (heart), smooth (hollow organs). |
| Connective Tissue | Provides structural framework for body, transports materials within body; protects/supports organs; interconnects/supports other tissues; stores energy reserves (adipose tissue); defense agains invading microorganisms (lymph). Catch all group. |
| Connective Tissue Proper | Fibroblasts in matrix of collagen, reticular and elastic fibers. Adipose, areolar, tendons, ligaments, etc. |
| Fluid Connective Tissue | Blood cells in fluid matrix. |
| Supporting Connective Tissue | Cartilage and bone. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers external surfaces; lines internal surfaces; forms glands; has polarity (top/bottom sides). |
| Cillia | For movement |
| Microvilli | Increase surface area. More efficient (ex: small intestine). |
| Tight Junctions | Sealed cells, prevent transport. (Cell gasket) |
| Gap Junctions | Proteins - communication from one cell to another |
| Exocrine Glands | Secrete through ducts onto surface of epithelium |
| Endocrine Glands | Release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid |
| Merocrine Gland | Product released through exocytosis. Involves vesicles, etc. (Sweat glands) |
| Apocrine Gland | Involves loss of both product and cytoplasm. Pinches off part of cell, basal part regrows. (Mammary glands) |
| Holocrine Gland | Destroys cell. Entire cell broken down; stratified epithelium. (Sebaceous glands) |
Created by:
usillygoose93
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