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Histology
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Respiratory epithelium consists of what? | Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
| What is the conducting portion of the respiratory system? | Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles |
| What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? | Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
| Where are mucous and serous glands located in the resp. sys.? | lamina propria and submucosa |
| What are 5 respiratory epithelium cell types? | 1. Ciliated Columnar 2. Goblet cells (mucous of glycoproteins) 3. Brush cells (columnar w/ microvilli, afferent nerve endings, sensory receptors) 4. Basal cells (can differentiate) 5. Small granular cell (similar to basal cell, neuroendocrine cell) |
| In the vestibule of the nasal cavity what is the epithelial transition? | non-keratinized to respiratory epithelium before entering nasal fossae |
| What kind of glands are in the nasal vestibule? | sebaceous and sweat glands |
| What filters out large particles from inspired air in the nasal vestibule? | Thick short hairs (Vibrissae) |
| Describe the nasal fossae. | -2 cavernous chambers separated by nasal septum -3 conchae each on lateral wall |
| What type of epithelium lines the roof and part of the superior conchae? | olfactory. |
| What are swell bodies? | venous plexuses that swell every 20-30min and limit air flow to that side, allowing epithelium to recover from desiccation |
| What kind of epithelium is in olfactory mucosa and what are 3 cell types found here? | -pseudostratified columnar epithelium 1. support cells (microvilli, light yellow) 2. Basal cells 3. Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons w/ long nonmotile cilia, afferent axons) 2. |
| What glands secrete a fluid layer that covers the olfactory mucosa surface? | Bowman's glands |
| What aids mucous drainage in sinuses? | ciliary action |
| What is the nasopharynx? | first part of the pharynx |
| What is the larynx? | connects pharynx to trachea |
| What cartilages of the larynx are hyaline? | larger cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, and most of the arytenoids |
| What cartilages of the larynx are elastic? | smaller cartilages: epiglottis, cuneiform, coniculate, and tips of arytenoids |
| What area of the larynx is NOT covered by respiratory epithelium? | lingual and apical epiglottis and true vocal cords (are stratified squamous) |
| What fibers make up the true vocal cords? | elastic bundles (vocal ligament) |
| What is the orientation of the trachea cartilages? | C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, ends joined by fibroelastic ligament and smooth muscle that prevents overdistention and controls lumen size |
| Where does a primary bronchus enter a lung? | Hilum (arteries enter, veins and lymphatic vessels leave) |
| Bronchi are structurally similar to what? | trachea, however cartilages are more irregular -complete rings in large bronchi -isolated plates in small bronchi |
| How is the smooth muscle layer of bronchi arranged? | criss crossing, spiral more prominent near respiratory zone |
| Where are lymphatic nodules especially present in bronchi? | branch points, lymphocytes in lamina propria and epithelium |
| How does the epithelium transition from large bronchiole to terminal bronchiole? | pseudostratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar or cuboidal |
| What largely makes up a bronchiole? | smooth muscle and elastic fibers (no cartilage and no glands) |
| What are Clara cells and what is their function? | nonciliated, apical secretory granules -prevent collapse and adherence of epithelium -protect lining against oxidative pollutants and inflammation |
| What are neuroepithelial bodies and what is their function? | contain secretory granules and receive cholinergic nerve endings -chemoreceptors react to changes in gas composition -repair and renewal of epithelial cells after injury |
| What do terminal bronchioles divide into? | two or more respiratory bronchioles |
| What are respiratory bronchioles a transition between? | conduction and respiratory portions |
| What interrupts the walls of respiratory bronchioles? | saclike alveoli (lined by squamous cells) |
| What is formed when openings in respiratory bronchiole become numerous? | Alveolar duct (lined by squamous alveolar cells) |
| What is the only support for the duct and alveoli? | elastic and reticular fibers |
| What structure appears like knobs at the openings to alveoli? | smooth muscle |
| What to alveolar ducts open into? | atria |
| What do atria communicate with? | two or more alveolar sacs |
| What is the function of elastic fibers at the opening of atria, sacs, and alveoli? | -allows to expand w/ inspiration -allows to contract passively w/ expiration |
| What is the function of reticular fibers at the openings of atria, sacs, and alveoli? | -prevent overdistention and damage to capillaries and alveolar septa |
| Where does gas exchange take place? | alveoli |
| What is an interalveolar septum? | separates alveoli -contains pores that connect adjacent alveoli -equalizes pressure and promotes collateral circulation -2 thin squamous cell layers between which capillaries, elastic and reticular fibers, connective tissue, and cells are located (fo |
| What 3 structures separate the alveolar air from capillary blood? | 1. alveolar lining cell 2. fused basal laminae of alveolar cell and endothelial cell 3. endothelial cell |
| What enzyme catalyzes liberation of CO2 to H2CO3 in red blood cells | Carbonic anhydrase |
| How are the nuclei and organelles of alveolar cells arranged and why? | clustered to make rest of cell thin to increase efficiency of gas exchange flattened part has many pinocytotic vesicles |
| What are type 1 alveolar cells? | -squamous lining cells -97% -very thin cells -pinocytotic vescicles turnover surfactant and remove particulate contaminants -Occluding junctions |
| What are type 2 alveolar cells? | -rounded -occluding junctions w/ type 1 cells -same origin as type 1 cells but divide to replace both type 1 and 2 cells |
| What are lamellar bodies and where are they located? | located in cytoplasm of type 2 alveolar cells (foamy cytoplasm) -contain phospholipids, glycosaminogylcans, and proteins --PULMONARY SURFACTANT-- -continuously synthesized and released at apical cell surface |
| What is the function of surfactant? | reduces alveolar surface tension prevents collapse deficiency causes respiratory distress in newborns (begin to make during last weeks of gestation) |
| What are dust cells? | Alveolar macrophages. |
| Where are dust cells found? | interior interalveolar septum surface of alveolus |
| What do connective tissue macrophages contain? | debris passed from alveolar lumen to intersitium by pinocytosis of type 1 cells |
Created by:
shuckybean
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