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AP Bio Test 1
Brittany, You should be studying instead of reading this.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | Decent with modification |
| What are sedimentary rock layers called? | Strata |
| Who advocated catastrophism? | Georges Cuvier |
| Who advocated uniformitarianism? | Charles Lyell |
| What is artificial selection? | Modification through the selecting and breeding of individuals with desired traits |
| What were Darwin's four observations of nature? | 1) Members of a populations often vary greatly in their traits 2) Traits are inherited from parents to offspring 3) All species are capable of producing more offspring than the environment can support 4) Many of these offspring do not survive |
| What two inferences did Darwin deduce from his observations? | 1) Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring 2)This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to more favorable traits |
| What is homology? | Similarity resulting from common ancestry. |
| What are homologous structures? | Anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor |
| What are vestigial structures? | Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors |
| What is convergent evolution? | The evolution of similar features in distantly related groups. |
| What is biogeography? | The geographic distribution of species formed an important part of his theory of evolution. |
| What is an endemic species? | Closely related species on the nearest mainland or island |
| What is average heterozygosity? | A measure of the average percent of loci are heterozygous in a population |
| What is geographic variation? | Differences between gene pools of separate populations or population subgroups. |
| What is a cline? | A graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
| What are mutations? | changes in nucleotide sequence of DNA. |
| What is a population? | A localized group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
| What does a gene consist of? | All the alleles for all loci in a population |
| What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state? | That frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation |
| What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describe? | The constant frequency of alleles in such a gene pool |
| What are the five conditions for non evolving populations? | 1) No mutations 2) Random mating 3) No natural selection 4) Extremely large population size 5) No gene flow |
| What three major factors alter allele frequencies and bring about most evolutionary change? | 1) Natural selection 2) Genetic drift 3) Gene flow |
| What does genetic drift describe? | How allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictable from one generation to the next |
| When does the founder effect occur? | When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | A sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment |
| What does gene flow consist of? | The movement of alleles among populations\ |
| What is relative fitness? | The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals. |
| What are the three modes of selection? | 1) Directional selection 2) Disruptive selection 3) Stabilizing selection |
| What does directional selection favor? | Individuals at one end of the phenotypic range |
| What does disruptive selection favor? | Individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
| What does stabilizing selection favor? | Intermediate variants. |
| What is sexal selection? | Natural selection for mating success |
| What is in sexual dimorphism? | Marked difference between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics |
| What is intrasexual selection? | Competition among individuals of one sex (often males) for mates of the opposite sex |
| What is intersexual selection (Mate choice)? | Occurs when individuals of one sex (Usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates |
| When does balancing selection occur? | When natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population |
| When does Heterozygote advantage occur? | When heterozygotes have a higher fitness than do both homoxygotes |
| What happens in frequency-dependent selection? | The fitness of phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population |
| What is neutral variation? | Genetic variation that appears to confer no selective advantage or disadvantage |
| What is speciation? | The origin of new species. |
| What is microevolution? | adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool |
| What is Macroevolution? | Refers to evolutionary change above the species level |
| What does the biological species concept state? | That a species is a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other popuaitons |
| What is reproductive isolation? | The existence of biological factors that impede two species from producing viable, fertile offspring |
| What are hybrids? | The offspring of crosses between different species |
| How do prezygotic barriers block fertilization? | 1) By impeding different species from attempting to mate 2) By preventing the successful completion of mating 3) By hindering fertilization if mating is successful |
| What happens in Habitat isolation? | Two species encounter each other rarely, even though not isolated by physical barriers |
| What happens in Temporal isolation? | species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes |
| What happens in Behavioral isolation? | Courtship and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers |
| What happens in Mechanical isolation? | Morphological differences can prevent successful mating |
| What happens in Gametic isolation? | Sperm of one species may not me able to fertilize eggs of another species |
| How do Postzygotic barriers prevent the hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult? | 1) Through reduced hybrid viability 2) Through reduced hybrid fertility 3) Through hybrid breakdown |
| What is Reduced hybrid viability? | When genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid's developemnt |
| What is reduced hybrid fertility? | When Hybrids are vigorous, but sterile |
| What is hybrid breakdown? | When some first-generation hybrids are fertile, but when they mate with another species or with either parent species, offspring of the next generation are feeble or sterile |
| What does the morphological species concept define? | a species by structural features |
| What does the morphological species concept apply to? | sexual and asexual species but relies on subjective criteria |
| What does the phylogenetic species concept define? | a species as the smallest group of individuals on a phylogenetic tree |
| What does the phylogenetic species concept apply to? | sexual and asexual species, but it can be difficult to determine the degree of difference required for separate species. |
| What does the ecological species concept view? | a species in terms of its ecological niche |
| What does the ecological species concept apply to? | sexual and asexual species and emphasized the role of disruptive selection |
| What are the two ways in which speciation can occur? | 1) Allopatric speciation 2) Sympatric speciation |
| What happens in allopatric speciation? | Gene flow is interrupted or reduces when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations |
| What happens in sympatric speciation? | Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations. |
| What is polyploidy? | The presence of extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division |
| What is an autopolyploidy? | An individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species |
| What is an allopolyploid? | A species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
| What is a hybrid zone? | a region in which members of a different species mate and produce hybrids |
| What is punctuated equilibrium? | periods of apparent stasis punctuated by sudden change |
| What is phylogeny? | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| What is systematics? | A discipline that classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships |
| What is taxonomy? | The ordered division and naming of organisms |
| What is a binomial? | A two-part scientific name |
| What is the order of taxons? | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, and species |
| What are phylogenetic trees? | Branching evolutionary relationships. |
| What does a branch point represent? | The divergence of two species |
| What are sister taxa? | Groups that share an immediate common ancestor |
| What does a rooted tree include? | A branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree. |
| What is a polytomy? | A branch from which more than two groups emerge |
| What are homoplasies? | Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently |
| What is a clade? | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants |
| What does monophyletic signify? | that a clade consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants. |
| What does paraphyletic signify? | that a clade consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descndants |
| What does polyphyletic signify? | that a clade consists of various species that lack a common ancestor |
| What is a shared ancestral character? | a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
| What is a shared derived character? | an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
| What is an outgroup? | A species or group of species that are closely related to the ingroup |
| What is the ingroup? | the various species being studied |
| What does maximum parsimony assume? | That the tree that required the fewest evolutionary events (Appearances of shared and derived characters) is the most likely |
| What does the principle of maximum likelihood state? | that, given certain rules about DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
| What does Phylogenetic bracketing predict? | Features of an ancestor from features of ots descendants |
| Where are orthologous genes found? | In a single copy int he genome |
| Where are Paralogous genes found? | in more than one copy of the gene |
| What is a molecular clock? | a system that uses constant rates of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolutionary change |
| What does the neutral theory state? | That much evolutionary change in genes and proteins had no effect on fitness and therefore in not influenced bu Darwinian selection |
| What is horizontal gene transfer? | the movement of genes from one genome to another |
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