Question 1

What did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek do?

Accepted Answer

Began making small microscopes
made one for each specimen

Question 2

By the end of the 19th century what happened?

Accepted Answer

The organisms known as(beasties) became known as microorganism; today known as microbes.

Question 3

What did Carlous Linnaeus do?

Accepted Answer

He made the taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together

Question 4

What are the six categories did Leeuwenhoek put his Microorganisms in?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria,Archera,Fungi, Algae,Protozoa: Viruses or multicellular animals.(All can be eukaryotes)

Question 5

What are Eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus, compose an genetic material surrounded by a distant membrane.

Question 6

What are prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

are unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus.

Question 7

What does Bacteria have?

Accepted Answer

Unicellular and lack a nucleus, there smaller then eukaryotes , some cause diseases and some lack cell wall. Cell wall contain peptidoglycan.

Question 8

What does Archera have?

Accepted Answer

they are single prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers.

Question 9

What does Fungi have?

Accepted Answer

are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have  cell walls.

Question 10

What does Protozoa have?

Accepted Answer

are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of locomotion, and some cause disease.

Question 11

What does Algae have?

Accepted Answer

are plantlike eukaryotes that are photosynthetic; that is, they make their own food from  carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. The algae include multicellular and unicellular organisms.

Question 12

What does viruses have?

Accepted Answer

are microbes so small that they were hidden from microbiologists until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. All are acellular obligatory parasites.

Question 13

What is Spontaneous Generation?

Accepted Answer

proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

Question 14

What is the history on spontaneous generation?

Accepted Answer

it was proposed by Aristotle and was widley excepted for over 2000 years,until experiments by Francesco Redi, British scientist John T. Needham (1713–1781) conducted experiments suggesting that perhaps spontaneous generation of microscopic life was indeed

Question 15

The debate over spontaneous generation led in part to the development of a generalized,,

Accepted Answer

scientific method

Question 16

he mid-19th century also saw the birth of the field of

Accepted Answer

industrial microbiology (or  biotechnology), in which microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.

Question 17

Pasteur’s investigations into the cause of fermentation led to the discovery..

Accepted Answer

that yeast can grow with or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol. These discoveries suggested a method to prevent the spoilage of wine by heating the grape juice

Question 18

What is Pasteurization?

Accepted Answer

the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages,

Question 19

In 1897, experiments by the German scientist Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) demonstrated..

Accepted Answer

the presence of enzymes, cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as  fermentation.

Question 20

Edwurd work began ?

Accepted Answer

the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism, a term that refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

Question 21

Pasteur’s discovery that bacteria are  responsible for spoiling wine led to his hypothesis in 1857 that microorganisms are also  responsible for diseases, an idea that came to be known as

Accepted Answer

the germ theory of disease

Question 22

Microorganisms that cause specific diseases are called

Accepted Answer

pathogens ( Today we know that  diseases are also caused by genetics, environmental toxins, and allergic reactions; thus, the germ theory applies only to infectious disease)

Question 23

the study of the causation of disease,

Accepted Answer

etiology

Question 24

He and his colleagues were responsible for developing techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth media, and transfer bacteria between media. They also achieved the first photomicrograph of bacteria

Accepted Answer

Koch

Question 25

Koch greatest achievement was

Accepted Answer

the elaboration, in his publications on tuberculosis, of a set of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease.

Question 26

Koch’s postulates:

Accepted Answer

The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts,The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host,When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,Th

Question 27

In 1884, Danish scientist Christian Gram (1853–1938) developed a

Accepted Answer

staining technique involv- ing application of a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and others pink. The Gram stain

Question 28

noticed that women whose births were attended by medical students died at a rate 20 times higher than those whose births were attended by midwives in an adjoining wing of the same hospital

Accepted Answer

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 29

advanced the idea of anti- sepsis in health care settings, reducing deaths among his patients by two-thirds with the use of phenol

Accepted Answer

Joseph Lister

Question 30

the founder of modern nursing, introduced  antiseptic techniques that saved the lives of innumerable soldiers during the Crimean War of 1854–1856

Accepted Answer

Florence Nightingale

Question 31

the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.

Accepted Answer

infection control and epidemiology

Question 32

immunology

Accepted Answer

the study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

Question 33

English physician Edward Jenner

Accepted Answer

showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented smallpox. Pasteur later capitalized on Jenner’s work to develop successful vaccines against fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies.

Question 34

The field of chemotherapy is

Accepted Answer

a branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms

Question 35

Biochemistry

Accepted Answer

is the study of metabolism.

Question 36

extra

Accepted Answer

It began with Pasteur’s work on fermentation and Buchner’s discovery of enzymes, but was greatly advanced by the proposition of microbiolo- gists Albert Kluyver (1888–1956) and C. B. van Niel (1897–1985) that biochemical reactions are

Question 37

extra

Accepted Answer

are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the transfer of electrons and hy- drogen ions.

Question 38

Microbial genetics

Accepted Answer

is the study of inheritance in microorganisms.

Question 39

Molecular biology

Accepted Answer

combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. It is particularly concerned with genome sequencing.

Question 40

Genetic engineering

Accepted Answer

involves the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest-resistant crops and the treatment of disease.

Question 41

Gene Therapy

Accepted Answer

is the use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.

Question 42

Environmental microbiology

Accepted Answer

studies the role microorganisms play in their natural environ- ment. Microbial communities play an essential role, for example, in the decay of dead organ- isms and the recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Question 43

Serology

Accepted Answer

is the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates and that carries disease-fighting chemicals.

Question	Answer
What did Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek do?	Began making small microscopes made one for each specimen
By the end of the 19th century what happened?	The organisms known as(beasties) became known as microorganism; today known as microbes.
What did Carlous Linnaeus do?	He made the taxonomic system for grouping similar organisms together
What are the six categories did Leeuwenhoek put his Microorganisms in?	Bacteria,Archera,Fungi, Algae,Protozoa: Viruses or multicellular animals.(All can be eukaryotes)
What are Eukaryotes?	are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus, compose an genetic material surrounded by a distant membrane.
What are prokaryotes?	are unicellular microbes that lack a true nucleus.
What does Bacteria have?	Unicellular and lack a nucleus, there smaller then eukaryotes , some cause diseases and some lack cell wall. Cell wall contain peptidoglycan.
What does Archera have?	they are single prokaryotes whose cell walls lack peptidoglycan and instead are composed of other polymers.
What does Fungi have?	are relatively large microscopic eukaryotes and include multicellular molds and single-celled yeasts. These organisms obtain their food from other organisms and have cell walls.
What does Protozoa have?	are single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. Most are capable of locomotion, and some cause disease.
What does Algae have?	are plantlike eukaryotes that are photosynthetic; that is, they make their own food from carbon dioxide and water using energy from sunlight. The algae include multicellular and unicellular organisms.
What does viruses have?	are microbes so small that they were hidden from microbiologists until the invention of the electron microscope in 1932. All are acellular obligatory parasites.
What is Spontaneous Generation?	proposes that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter
What is the history on spontaneous generation?	it was proposed by Aristotle and was widley excepted for over 2000 years,until experiments by Francesco Redi, British scientist John T. Needham (1713–1781) conducted experiments suggesting that perhaps spontaneous generation of microscopic life was indeed
The debate over spontaneous generation led in part to the development of a generalized,,	scientific method
he mid-19th century also saw the birth of the field of	industrial microbiology (or biotechnology), in which microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.
Pasteur’s investigations into the cause of fermentation led to the discovery..	that yeast can grow with or without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol. These discoveries suggested a method to prevent the spoilage of wine by heating the grape juice
What is Pasteurization?	the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages,
In 1897, experiments by the German scientist Eduard Buchner (1860–1917) demonstrated..	the presence of enzymes, cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as fermentation.
Edwurd work began ?	the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism, a term that refers to the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.
Pasteur’s discovery that bacteria are responsible for spoiling wine led to his hypothesis in 1857 that microorganisms are also responsible for diseases, an idea that came to be known as	the germ theory of disease
Microorganisms that cause specific diseases are called	pathogens ( Today we know that diseases are also caused by genetics, environmental toxins, and allergic reactions; thus, the germ theory applies only to infectious disease)
the study of the causation of disease,	etiology
He and his colleagues were responsible for developing techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth media, and transfer bacteria between media. They also achieved the first photomicrograph of bacteria	Koch
Koch greatest achievement was	the elaboration, in his publications on tuberculosis, of a set of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease.
Koch’s postulates:	The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts,The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host,When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease,Th
In 1884, Danish scientist Christian Gram (1853–1938) developed a	staining technique involv- ing application of a series of dyes that leave some microbes purple and others pink. The Gram stain
noticed that women whose births were attended by medical students died at a rate 20 times higher than those whose births were attended by midwives in an adjoining wing of the same hospital	Ignaz Semmelweis
advanced the idea of anti- sepsis in health care settings, reducing deaths among his patients by two-thirds with the use of phenol	Joseph Lister
the founder of modern nursing, introduced antiseptic techniques that saved the lives of innumerable soldiers during the Crimean War of 1854–1856	Florence Nightingale
the study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.	infection control and epidemiology
immunology	the study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens
English physician Edward Jenner	showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions prevented smallpox. Pasteur later capitalized on Jenner’s work to develop successful vaccines against fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
The field of chemotherapy is	a branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms
Biochemistry	is the study of metabolism.
extra	It began with Pasteur’s work on fermentation and Buchner’s discovery of enzymes, but was greatly advanced by the proposition of microbiolo- gists Albert Kluyver (1888–1956) and C. B. van Niel (1897–1985) that biochemical reactions are
extra	are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the transfer of electrons and hy- drogen ions.
Microbial genetics	is the study of inheritance in microorganisms.
Molecular biology	combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to explain cell function at the molecular level. It is particularly concerned with genome sequencing.
Genetic engineering	involves the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants, and animals for practical applications, such as the development of pest-resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Gene Therapy	is the use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
Environmental microbiology	studies the role microorganisms play in their natural environ- ment. Microbial communities play an essential role, for example, in the decay of dead organ- isms and the recycling of chemicals such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Serology	is the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates and that carries disease-fighting chemicals.

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Chapter 1 Micro.

Micro