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SLS Biomolecules JB
SLS BIO 12 Biomolecules JB
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | A chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind with a pH value of <7. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | A compound present in all living tissue. ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. It is often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. |
| Amino Acid | The building block of protein in which each is coded for by a codon and linked together through peptide bonds. |
| Base | A substance that, in aqueous solution, is slippery to the touch, tastes bitter, changes the colour of indicators (e.g., turns red litmus paper blue), and reacts with acids to form salts. Bases have a pH value of >7. |
| Buffer | A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or alkali is added to it. Buffers typically involve a weak acid or alkali together with one of its salts. |
| Carbohydrate | Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. They are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only C, H, O, usually in the ratio 1:2:1. |
| Complementary Base Pairing | The four bases: A ( adenine), T ( Thymine), G ( guanine) and C (cytosine) compliment each other due to their chemical makeup, thus pairing A with T and G with C. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | It is a type of condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer, thus forming water (H2O). |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. |
| Dipeptide | A combination of two amino acids by means of a peptide (-CO-NH-). |
| Disaccharide | A sugar (carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, thus yields two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis. Examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. |
| Double Helix | A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule. |
| Hemoglobin | A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group. |
| Hydrogen Bonding | A polar-covalent bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules |
| Hydrolysis | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| Lipid | Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. |
| Monomer | A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| Monosaccharide | Any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar. |
| Neutral Fat | A glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids. Neutral because they are uncharged and do not contain acidic or basic groups. They are non-polar and hydrophobic. They are found in the thigh and torso area of the body where it provides insulation. |
| Nucleic Acids | Any of the group of complex compounds consisting of linear chains of monomeric nucleotides, composed of phosphoric acid, sugar and nitrogenous base, and involved in the preservation, replication, and expression of hereditary info in every living cell. |
| Nucleotide | A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA. |
| Organic | Of, relating to, or derived from living matter, therefore involving carbon compounds. |
| Peptide Bond | A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group reacts with the amino group, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction |
| pH | A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a log scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. The pH is equal to -log10 c, where c is the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre. |
| Phospholipid | A lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin. |
| Polarity | Tendency of a molecule, or compound, to be attracted or repelled by electrical charges because of an asymmetrical arrangement of electrons around the nucleus. |
| Polymer | A compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation of many smaller molecules with the elimination of water, alcohol, or the like, as nylon. |
| Polypeptide | A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule. |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. |
| Primary Structure | The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
| Protein | A class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues and as enzymes and antibodies. |
| Quaternary Structure | A structural level wherein several proteins (or polypeptide subunits) interact through non-covalent bonds to form one functional protein complex. |
| R-Group | The chemical group attached to the alpha carbon in an amino acid. In proteins all amino acids have the same basic structure and vary only in their R group. There are 20 standard amino acids found in proteins, which all have different R groups. |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | RNA, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information. |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid, such as stearic acid, whose carbon chain contains no unsaturated linkages between carbon atoms and hence cannot incorporate any more hydrogen atoms. |
| Secondary Structure | A structure of a biological molecule characterized by the local folding within the biopolymer as a result of hydrogen bonding (within the biopolymer). |
| Solvent | The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution (always water if present). |
| Starch | It is a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet. |
| Steroid | Any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins. |
| Tertiary Structure | The three-dimensional structure of a protein or nucleic acid. Amino acids form secondary structures such as alpha helices which in turn fold on themselves to form the tertiary structure of the protein. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A form of fatty acid containing one or more double (or triple) bonds and therefore can absorb additional hydrogen atoms. Therefore unsaturated can eliminate saturated. |
| Nitrogenous Base | Nitrogen-bearing compound with chemical properties of a base. |
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jbergvinson
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