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OGT Biology Genetics

OGT Biology - Genetics - Mrs. Martinez

QuestionAnswer
gene small part of a chromosome that codes for making a protein
allele form of a gene (example-attached earlobes)
genotype genetic makeup of an individual (example - EE, Ee, or ee)
phenotype physical appearance of an individual
recessive form of a gene (allele) that is masked/hidden by the dominant form
dominant form of a gene (allele) that is expressed if even just one is present
Independent Assortment states that the inheritance pattern of one trait will not influence the inheritance pattern of another trait
Crossing Over when two homologous chromosomes exchange one or more of their genes with each other
Fertilization when a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell combine to make a diploid zygote
haploid one set of chromosomes; in humans, eggs and sperm cells are both haploid
diploid two sets of chromosomes; in humans, all body cells are diploid
gamete sex cell; egg or sperm
homozygous the new zygote (fertilized egg) has 2 of the same alleles for a gene
heterozygous the new zygote (fertilized egg) has 2 different alleles for a gene
sex-linked trait traits determined by genes on the X or Y chromosomes; usually affect males because males only have one X
incomplete dominance both alleles appear mixed (example in flower - allele for red [R] and the allele for white [r] mix to form a pink flower [Rr]
codominance both alleles express themselve independently (example - allele for A blood and allele for B blood mix to make AB blood)
Mendel Father of modern genetics
homologous chromosomes in a diploid body cell, the two chromosomes in a pair with similar genes
chromosome highly organized coil of DNA and protein; contains many genes
deoxyribonucleic acid molecule on which genetic information is stored and passed on through each generation
nucleotides building block of DNA; composed of 3 parts: a deoxyribose, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group
adenine nitrogen base in DNA and RNA which pairs with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA)
guanine nitrogen base in DNA and RNA which pairs with cytosine
gene expression creation of a protein from the information on a gene in the DNA; includes the processes of transcription and translation
mRNA messenger RNA; responsible for copying the DNA in the nucleus and then going out to the ribosome
tRNA transfer RNA; contains the anticodon to match the appropriate mRNA codon; responsible for carrying the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon
translation process where tRNA anticodons read the mRNA codons and attach the appropriate amino acid to the forming protein; happens on ribosomes
transcription process where mRNA makes a copy of a segment of DNA (gene) to take out of the nucleus to the ribosome
protein large organic molecule built of individual amino acids; performs a specific function in body
Created by: bioteacherjm
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