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chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells are the building blocks of | all plants and animals |
| all cells come from the division of | preexisting cells |
| something that has been tested over and over is a | theory |
| cells are the smallest units that perform | all vital physiological functions |
| each cell maintains homeostasis at the | cellular level |
| cytology | the study of cellular structure and function |
| somatic cells (chapter focus) | all body cells except sex cells |
| soma = | body |
| sex cells also called (germ cells): | reproductive cells, male sperm, and female oocytes(eggs) |
| the outer boundary of the cell is | the cell membrane or (plasma membrane) |
| Functions of a Cell Membrane: physical isolation | barrier |
| Functions of a Cell Membrane: regulates exchange with the environment | Acts as a gate keeper. It controls the entry of -ions and nutrients enter -waste and cellular products released |
| oranelles are | structures suspended within the cytosol that perform specific functions within the cell |
| cytoskeleton | proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes |
| cytoskeletons function | strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials |
| plasma membrane | lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| plasma membrane function | isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; controls entry and exit of materials |
| microvilli | microvilli are extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments. |
| microvillis function | increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials |
| cilia | cilia are long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. there are two types; primary and motile |
| cilia functions | a primary cilium acts as a sensor. motile cilia move materials over cell surfaces |
| proteasomes | hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends |
| proteasomes functions | breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins |
| ribosomes | RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm |
| ribosomes functions | protein synthesis |
| peroxisomes | versicles containing degradative enzymes |
| peroxisomes functions | catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process |
| lysosomes | vesicles containing digestive enzymes |
| lysosmes functions | intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens |
| golgi apparatus | stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers |
| golgi functions | storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal |
| mitochondria | double membrane, with inner membrane folds (cristae) enclosing important metabolic enzymes |
| function mitochondria | produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport; detoxification of drugs or toxins |
| rough ER | modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins |
| smooth ER | synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates |
| nucleus | nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope |
| nucleus functions | control of metabolism; storage and procession of genetic information; control of protein synthesis |
| hydrophilic heads | faces outward toward the watery environment on both sides, it is a barrier to ions and water soluble compounds |
| hydrophobic tails | faces inside the membrane |
| lipids | 42 percent |
| protein | 55 percent |
| integral proteins: | are part of the plasma membrane structure and cannot be easily separated from it without damaging or destroying the membrane |
| peripheral proteins: | bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it |
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