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USMLE
CV 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the P wave on EKG represent? | atrial depolarization |
| what does the PR segment on EKG represent? how long is it normally? | conduction delay through AV node - normally <200 msec |
| what does the QRS complex represent? how long is it normally? | ventricular depolarization (<120 msec) |
| what does the QT interval represent? | mechanical contraction of the ventricles |
| what does the T wave represent? | ventricular repolarization |
| why don't you see atrial repolarization on EKG? | it is masked by the QRS complex |
| what causes a U wave? | hypokalemia |
| delta wave on EKG is characteristc of what? | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
| in this syndrome, there is an accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent), bypassing the AV node | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
| this syndrome may result in reentry current leading to supraventricular tachycardia | Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome |
| what is the hallmark of a transmural MI? | pathologic Q wave |
| increased capillary pressure is seen in what? | heart failure |
| decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what? | nephrotic syndrome, lver failure |
| increased capillary permeability is seen in what? | toxins, infections, burns |
| increased interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure is seen in what? | lymphatic blockage |
| three causes of early cyanosis | tetralogy of fallot, transposition of the great vessels, trucus arteriosis |
| three causes of late cyanosis | VSD, ASD, PDA |
| what is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality? | VSD |
| what causes Tetralogy of Fallot? | anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum |
| aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus? | preductal - infantile type |
| aortic stenosis distal to ductus arteriosus? | postductal - adult type |
| notching of ribs, hypertension in upper extremities, weak pulses in lower extremities? | coarctation of aorta |
| 22q11 syndromes are asscociated with what cardiac defects? | truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot |
| what cardiac defects is Down syndrome associated with? | ASD, VSD |
| what cardiac defects is congenital rubella associated with? | septal defects, PDA |
| what cardiac defects are associated with offspring of diabetic mothers? | transposition of great vessels |
| Marfan's is associated with what congenital cardiac defect? | aortic insufficiency |
| lipid deposit in cornea | corneal arcus |
| what characterizes Monckeberg arteriosclerosis? | calcification of arteries, especially radial or unlar; usually benign (involves media - ring-like calcifications; 'pipestem') |
| arteriosclerosis in essential hypertension? | hyaline thickening of small arteries |
| arteriosclerosis in malignant hypertension? | hyperplastic 'onion skinning' |
| fibrous plaques and atheromas form in what part of arteries in atherosclerosis? | intima |
| risk factors for atherosclerosis? | smoking, hypertension, DM, hperlipidemia, family Hx |
| progression of atherosclerosis? | fatty streaks - proliferative plaque - complex atheromas |
| complications of atherosclerosis? | aneurysms, ischemia, infarcts, peripheral vascular resistance, thrombus, emboli |
| location of atherosclerosis? | abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery |
| angina occurs with coronary artery disease narrowing greater than whta? | 75% |
| retrosternal chest pain with exertion - what type of angina? | stable |
| angina that occurs at rest secondary to coronary artery spasm? | Prinzmetal's variant |
| thrombosis but no necrosis/worsening chest pain - what type of angina? | unstable/crescendo |
| where do red infarcts occur? | in loose tissues with collaterals, such as lungs, intestine, or following reperfusion |
| where do pale infarcts occur? | solid tissues with single blood supply - brain, heart, kidney, spleen |
| child with harsh systolic murmur, no diastolic murmur, and increased oxygen saturation in the RV? | VSD |
Created by:
Asclepius
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