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SLSBio12Molecules SM
SLS Bio12 Biomolecules SM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | A nucleotide found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells. It is the major source of energy for cellular reactions. |
| Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins. |
| Base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. |
| Buffer | A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. |
| Carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| Complimentary base pairing | Complementary base pairing describes the manner in which the nitrogenous bases of the DNA molecules align with each other. Complementary base pairings are also responsible for the double-helix structure of DNA. |
| Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. |
| Dipeptide | A combination of two amino acids |
| Disaccharide | A carbohydrate that is formed when two monosaccharides are joined together and a molecule of water is removed from the structure. |
| Double helix | The coiled structure of double-stranded DNA in which strands linked by hydrogen bonds form a spiral configuration, with the two strands oriented in opposite directions. |
| Hemoglobin | The oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells that gives them their red color and serves to convey oxygen to the tissues. |
| Hydrogen bonding | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecules is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another bond |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion. |
| Lipid | Any of a group of organic compounds that are greasy to the touch, insoluble in water, and soluble in alcohol and ether. |
| Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Monosaccharide | A sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis. |
| Neutral fat | A type of lipid that consists of glycerol with three fatty acids bound to it. |
| Nucleic acids | Any of a group of long, linear macromolecules, either DNA or various types of RNA, that carry genetic information directing all cellular functions. |
| Nucleotide | The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group. |
| Organic | Of, relating to, or derived from living organisms. |
| Peptide bond | The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. |
| Phospholipid | A lipid with one or more phosphate groups attached to it. |
| Polarity | The property or characteristic that produces unequal physical effects at different points in a body or system. |
| Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
| Polypeptide | A polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. |
| Polysaccharide | A carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. |
| Primary structure | The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
| Protein | A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids. |
| Quaternary structure | A structural level wherein several proteins interact through non-covalent bonds to form one functional protein complex. |
| R-group | An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. |
| Saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. |
| Secondary structure | A structure of a biological molecule characterized by the local folding within the biopolymer as a result of hydrogen bonding. |
| Solvent | Dissolving agent of a solution. |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide consisting entirely of glucose. |
| Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. |
| Tertiary structure | The way in which the helixes or beta structures of a polypeptide are folded or arranged into a three-dimensional configuration. |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| Nitrogenous base | Nitrogen-bearing compound with chemical properties of a base. |
Created by:
Smorrison
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