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Biological Molecules
Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | Molecules tending to raise hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and to lower its PH numerically. |
| Adenosine triphostphate (ADP) | Nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP. |
| Amino Acid | monomer of a protein takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group and an acid group. |
| Base | molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise the PH numerically |
| Buffer | Substance or group of substances that tend to resist PH changes of a solution thius stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity |
| Carbohydrate | Class of organic molecule charecterized by the presence of Ch2o groups, includes monosacharides disacharides and polysacharides |
| complementary base pairing | the standard arrangement of bases in nucleotides in relation to their opposite pairing such as theyme being paired with adenine and cytosine being paired with guanine. |
| dehydration synthesis | a chemical that builds up molecules by losing water molecules |
| DNA | a self replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes |
| Dipeptide | a peptide composed of two amino acid residues |
| Disaccharide | any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues |
| Double helix | a pair of parallel helixes intertwined abouyt a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule |
| glucose | simple sugar that is important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbs |
| glycerol | a colorless sweet viscous liquid formed as a byproduct in soap manufacture |
| guanine | one of the four main nucleotides found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA |
| glycogen | Substance depositied in bodily tissues as a store of carbohdrates |
| Hemoglobin | A red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates |
| hydrogen bonding | electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules in which hydrogen is bound to a larger atom such as oxygen or nitrogen |
| hydrolysis | the chemical breakdown of a compund due to reaction with water |
| lipid | any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents |
| monomer | a molecule that can be bonded to other idnetical molecules to form a polymer |
| monosaccharide | any of a class of sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simple sugar |
| neutral fat | produced by the hydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol |
| neucleic acids | complex organic substances present in living cells. especially DNA, RNA |
| Nucelotide | a compound consisting of a nucleotide linked to a phosphate group |
| Organic | of related to or derived from living matter |
| Peptide bond | covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one reacts with the amino group of other molecule |
| ph | Ph is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqeus solution |
| phospolipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule |
| polarity | the property of having poles or being polar |
| polymer | a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together |
| polypeptide | a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino acid residues bonded together in a chain forming part of a protein molecule |
| polysaccharides | a carbohydrate whose molecules consists of a number of sugar molecules bonded together |
| primary structure | the charecteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure |
| protein | any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms |
| quatrenary structure | the arrangment of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi subunit complex |
| r group | abreviation given to an unimportant part of a molecule indicates rest of molecule |
| RNA | a nucleic acid present in all living cells its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying insturctions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins |
| Saturated fatty acids | fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acids |
| secondary structure | local three dimensional strcutures of sheets helices or other forms |
| solvent | the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to from a solution |
| starch | a carbohydrate that is used as storage energy in plants. |
| steroid | any of a large class of inorganic compounds with a charecteristsics molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms that include many hormones alkelides and vitamins |
| tertiary structure | the overall three dimensional strcutre resulting from folding of a protein or polnuceltotide molecule |
| unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain |
| nitrogenous base | nitrogen containing organic molecule having the chemical properties of a base |
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