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Bio12 Biomolecules
SLS Bio 12 Biomolecules (R.L.)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | An acid is a chemical substance that has a pH of less than 7. A lower pH means a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue. The breakage of one phosphate linkage provides energy for physiological processes such as muscular contraction. |
| Amino acid | A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. Turns into protein after dehydration synthesis. |
| Base | A base is a chemical substance that has a pH of higher than 7. A higher pH means a higher concentration of negative hydroxide ions in the solution. |
| Buffer | A solution that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added to it. |
| Carbohydrate | Large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in (2:1)ratio and typically can be broken down to release energy in the body. |
| Complementary base pairing | Nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA. Guanine is the complementary base of cytosine, and adenine is the complementary base of thymine in DNA. |
| Dehydration synthesis | The process of monomers bonding due to dehydration of water. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. |
| Dipeptide | A peptide composed of two amino-acid residues. |
| Disaccharide | A sugar molecule that is composed of two monosaccharides. |
| Double helix | A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule. Looks a twisted ladder. |
| Hemoglobin | A protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. |
| Hydrogen bonding | A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. Only happens between Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and fluorine. |
| Hydrolysis | The chemical breakdown of a compound due to water being added into the reaction. Exact opposite procedure of dehydration synthesis. |
| Lipid | Any organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. |
| Monomer | Molecule that is a sub-unit of a polymer. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugar,a carbohydrate that can't be decomposed by hydrolysis. |
| Neutral fat | Neutral fats are produced by the dehydration synthesis of one or more fatty acids with an alcohol like glycerol. |
| Nucleic acids | A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| Nucleotide | Monomer of DNA and RNA consisting of a five carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group. |
| Organic | Molecules that contains carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen, organic molecules are associated with living things. |
| Peptide bond | A covalent bond that joins two amino acids. |
| pH | A figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid, and higher values more alkaline. |
| Phospholipid | Molecules that forms the bi layer of the cell's membranes. |
| Polarity | A separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole. |
| Polymer | Macromolecules consisting of covalently bonded monomers. |
| Polypeptide | Polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds. |
| Polysaccharide | Polymers made from sugar monomers. |
| Primary structure | The characteristic sequence of amino acids forming a protein or polypeptide chain, considered as the most basic element of its structure. |
| Protein | Organic macro-molecules that is composed of either one or several polypeptides. |
| Quaternary structure | The arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex. |
| R - Group | Abbreviation given to an unimportant part of a molecule. Indicates Rest of molecule. |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose. |
| Saturated fatty acid | Molecules that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. The chains bears the maximum number of hydrogens. |
| Secondary structure | The local three-dimensional structure of sheets, helices, or other forms adopted by a polynucleotide or polypeptide chain, due to electrostatic attraction between neighboring residues. |
| Solvent | Fluid such as water that dissolves solutes. |
| Starch | Storage polysaccharides found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion. |
| Steroid | Type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings. |
| Tertiary structure | The overall three-dimensional structure resulting from folding and covalent cross-linking of a protein or polynucleotide molecule. |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | Fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain. |
| Nitrogenous base | A nitrogenous base is simply a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. They are particularly important since they make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. |
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rickli1
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