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USMLE
CV Pharm 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5 major side effects for hydrochlorothiazide | hypokalemia, slight hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia |
| 4 major side effects for loop diruetics | potassium wasting, metabolic alkalosis, ototoxicity, hypotension |
| clonidine side effects (2) | dry mouth, severe rebound hypertension |
| methyldopa side effects (2) | sedation, positive Coombs test |
| hexamethonium side effects (4) | severe orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, constipation, sexual dysfunction |
| reserpine side effects (4) | sedation, depression, nasal stuffiness, diarrhea |
| guanethidine side effects (4) | orthostatic/exercise hypotension, sexual dysfunction, diarrhea |
| prazosin side effects (3) | 1st-dose orthostatic hypotensoin, dizziness, headache |
| beta-blocker major side effects (6) | asthma, impotence, sleep problems, bradycardia, CHF, AV block |
| hydralazine side effects (4) | lupus like syndrome, reflex tachycardia, angina, salt retention |
| minoxidil side effets (5) | hair, pericardial effusion, reflex tachycardia, angina, salt retention |
| vasodilator: calcium blocker side effects (3) | flushing, constipation, nausea |
| nitroprusside major side efect | cyanide toxicity |
| captopril side effects (8) | hyperkalemia, cough, angioedema, proteinuria, taste changes, hypotension, pregnancy problems (fetal renal damage), rash |
| ARB side effect (losartan) | fetal renal toxicity, hyperkalemia |
| two drugs that cause hyperkalemia | losartan and captopril |
| what do you have to do with hydralazine and minoxidil? | use beta blockers to treat reflex tachy, diuretic to block salt retention |
| mechanism of hydralazine | increase cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, afterload reduction |
| hydralazine selectively dilates which vessels? | arterioles |
| clinical use for hydralazine (2) | severe hypertension, CHF, first-line therapy for HTN in pregnancy |
| mechanism for clonidine | alpha2 agonist |
| mechanism for methyldopa | alpha2 agonist |
| mechanism for prazosin | alpha1 blocker |
| mechanism for reserpine | blocks re-uptake of NE, E and Serotonin back into pre-synaptic vesicles --> allows degradation by MAO |
| mechanism for guanethidine | blocks the release of catecholamines from the presynaptic terminal by inhibiting Mg/ATPase dependent pump |
| what is the mechanism of hexamethonium? | it is a neronal ACh receptor antagonist in autonomic ganglia |
| name 3 calcium channel blockers | nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem |
| mechanism of calcium blockers | block voltage-dependent calcium channels on cardiac/smooth muscle and reduce muscle contractility |
| rank vascular smooth muscle block by calcium blocker | nifedipine>diltiazem>verapamil |
| rank heart smooth muscle block by calcium blocker | verapamil>diltiazem>nifedipine |
| use for calcium blockers | hypertension, angina, arrhythmia (not nifedipine) |
| calcium blocker toxicity (3) | cardiac depression, peripheral edema, flushing, |
| mechanism for nitro drugs | vasodilate by releasing nitric oxide, increase cGMP, smooth muscle relaxation, decrease preload |
| rank the preference for dilation of vascular beds in nitro drugs | veins >> arterioles |
| clinical use for nitro drugs (4) | angina, pulmonary edema, aphrodisiac, erection enhancer |
| name side effects for nitro (4) | tachycardia, hypotension, headache, monday disease |
| define monday disease | build tolerance to nitro during occupational exposure, resensitize on weekend and get tachy and dizzy when returning to work Monday |
Created by:
Asclepius
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