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USMLE
Goljan Renal Path 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| patient with increased urinary frequency, has positive leukocyte esterase, dysuria, neutrophils in urine, negative bacterial culture, negative nitrites. what is diagnosis? | Chlamydia |
| causes of sterile pyuria? | chlamydia, TB |
| most common cause of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder? | smoking |
| cyclophosphamide is used to treat what? | Wegener's & Minimal Change Dz (also RA) |
| cyclophosphamide toxicity is prevented by what? | Mesna |
| hypospadias is caused by what? | failure of closure of urethral folds |
| most common cancer of penis is what? What is most common cause? | squamous cell carcinoma due to lack of hygiene in uncircumcised penis. (shmegma) |
| what are two phases of testicular descent? | tans-abdominal migration caused by mullerian inhibitory factor, and shortening of gubernaculum due to testosterone and dihydrotestosterone |
| undescended testicles before 2 years increased risk for what? | seminomas in both testicles (even if appears normal) |
| streak ovaries put woman at risk for what? | dysgerminomas |
| epididymitis at age <35 due to what? | neisseria gonorrhea, chlamydia |
| epididymitis at ages >35 due to what? | pseudomonas, E. coli |
| vericocoeles on what side and why? | left, due to the spermatic vein on left is connected to left renal vein. |
| most common cause of male infertility | vericocoele |
| what would happen if you block left renal vein? | increases pressure on spermatic vein and causes vericocoele. |
| torsion of spermatic cord causes what? | shortens the cord, so the testicle ascends into inguinal canal; pain; loss of cremasteric reflex |
| what is cremasteric reflex? | scratching of scrotum causes the cremaster muscle to contract |
| hydrocoele is what? | persistence of tunica vaginalis |
| painless enlargement of testicle has what on it's differential? | cancer, cancer, cancer, cancer |
| most common cause of testicular cancer | seminoma --> highly responsive to radiation |
| where do seminomas metastasize? | para-aortic LNs |
| most common testicular tumor in kid? what's the tumor marker? | yolk sac tumor (Alpha fetoprotein) |
| 25 y/o male presents with unilateral gynecomastia and dyspnea. X-ray of lung shows numerous nodular masses. Where is the primary tumor and what kind? | choriocarcinoma of testicle |
| why do choriocarcinomas develop gynecomastia? | B-HCG is a leutinizing hormone analog --> acts like leutenizing hormone, so stimulates progesterone and causes duct growth in breast tissue |
| most common cause of testicular cancer in older men? | malignant lymphoma metastaces |
| where in prostate gland does hyperplasia occur? | periurethral area |
| where in prostate gland is cancer located? | periphery (that's why you can feel it with your finger on rectal) |
| 75 y/o man has urinary retention and massive bladder with dribbling urine. what is cause? | BPH. |
| what hormone is totally responsible for prostate? | dihydrotestosterone |
| BPH and prostate cancer is under the control of what hormone? | dihydrotestosterone |
| how do you treat prostate cancer and BPH | 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor |
| most common cancer in men? | prostate cancer |
Created by:
Asclepius
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