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Biology
Biology Key Terms September 8-12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | Building blocks of matter. |
| Electrons | Particles that are negatively charged located outside the nucleous (e-) |
| Protons | Positively charged particles (p+) |
| Neutrons | Particles that have no charge (n0) |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. |
| Compounds | A pure substance formed when two or more different elements combine. |
| Covalent Bond | The chemical bond that forms when electrons are shared. |
| Ionic Bond | An electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms called ions. |
| Molecule | A compound in which the atoms are held together by covalent bonds. |
| Van der Waals Force | When molecules come close together, the attractive forces between these positive and negative regions pull on the molecules and hold them together. These attactions are called after the Dutch physicist who first described the phenomenon. |
| Plar molecule | Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges meaning that they have oppositely charged regions. |
| Chemical reaction | The process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. |
| Reactant | Substances that excist before a chemical reaction starts; locatated on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation. |
| Products | Substance formed by a chemical reaction; located on the right side of the arrow in a chemical reaction. |
| Activation energy | The minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction |
| Exothermic reaction | To release energy in the form of heat (the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants |
| Endothermic reaction | When a reaction absorbs heat energy (the energy of the products is higher thatn the energy of the reactant) |
| Enzymes | Special proteins that are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in biological processes. |
| Catalysts | A substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. However, it does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. |
| Substrate | The reactants that bind to the enzyme. |
| Homogeneous mixture | When a mixture has a uniform composition throughout. "Solution" is another name for it. |
| Heterogenous mixture | The components remain distinct, that is, you can tell what they are individually. Ex: salad |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in the solvent |
| Solvent | A substance in which another substance is dissolved |
| Solution | Another name for "homogenous mixture" |
| Acids | Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. |
| pH scale | The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution. |
| Buffers | Mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. |
| Organic chemistry | The study of organic compounds-those compounds containing carbon. |
| Macromolecules | Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. |
| Polymers | Molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers that are linked together by a series of covalent bonds. |
| Carbohydrates | Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. |
| Lipids | Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen that make up the fats, oils and waxes. |
| Proteins | Compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids. |
| Nucleic acids | The 4th group of biological macromolecules. These complex macromolecules store and transmit genetic information. |
| Saturated fats | Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| Unsaturated fats | Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen |
| Phospholipids | A special lipid which is responsible for the sturcture and funtion of the cell membrane |
| Steroids | A lipid that includes substances such as cholesterol and hormones. Though considered a "bad" lipid, it provides the starting point for other necessary lipids such as vitamin D and the other homones estrogen and testosterone. |
| Amino acids | Small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hygrogen and sometimes sulfur. What protein is made of. |
| Nucleotides | Are made of smaller repeating subunits and are composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and hydrogen atoms. There are 6 which have 3 units - a phosphate, a nitrogenous base, and ribose sugar. |
Created by:
olssonn
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