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volcanology
volcanoes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 25 degrees celcius per kilometer | crustal geothermal gradient |
| radioactive decay (U, Th, K), heat from formation of earth, and crystallization in core | three reasons why it's hot inside earth |
| conduction (contact), convection (flow in a heat cell), radiation (electromagnetic), and advection (like radiation but one way) | methods of heat transfer in earth |
| True | true or false: continental plates move slower than oceanic plates |
| African Rift Valley | only divergent boundary close to an actual plate boundary |
| Oxygen, aluminum and silicon | chemical components of earth's crust |
| oxygen, silicon and magnesium | chemical components of earth's mantle |
| iron and nickel | chemical components of earth's core |
| lithosphere | layer of earth where quakes occur |
| False: earthquakes are weak. the lithosphere is thin and unstressed here | true or false: at mid-ocean ridges, earthquakes are very strong |
| convergent | type of subduction zone between india and himalayas |
| marianas trench, south of japan, over 10 km deep | deepest part of ocean and its location |
| b/n russia and alaska and they are an ocean plate subducting under both o and c plate forming aleutians and mts in alaska | where are aleutians located and how did they form |
| True. contintental crust is still less dense than oceanic crust and will bounce back up | T or F: even if shoved deep within the earth, continental crust will still buoy up above sea level |
| False. they are strong, but shallow | T or F:quakes are very weak at transform fault boundaries |
| formed from hotspot below a continent | describe formation of yellowstone |
| False: the partial melting would be too little to make it all the way to the crust normally, though it does happen it's not the norm | it is usual for parts of the asthenosphere to melt and rise to the surface, bringing magma into the crust |
| inc heat at constant depth, decreased depth at constant temp, and addition of water to already hot rock | three methods that rock melt takes place in earth |
| True | t or F: the lithosphere includes the crust and parts of the upper mantle |
| True | T or F: both yellowstone and the east african rift valley are examples of melting occuring just under the continent |
| addition of water into the hot rocks as it's driven into slabs of rock | besides temp and depth, what factor causes melting at subduction zones |
| hydrous minerals: serpentine | what is a mineral that has water in it's atomic structure. what is olivine's water mineral equivolent |
| False: the lithosphere thins further away from the hotspot | T or F: lithosphere is thicker as you get away from a hotspot |
| rhyolitic (granitic) | in what type of rock formation does magma need to get stuck in the crust to melt it |
| basaltic (gabbroic) | in what type of rock formation does magma pool at the base of the crust and melt upward (also much hotter!) |
| 700 to 900 and 1300 (all in degrees celcius) | what temperature does crust melt at? upper mantle? |
| silicon is 59%, aluminum is 15% and magnesium is 3% (Na is 4% also) | chemical composition of continental crust, top three minerals with percentages. |
| silicon is 45%, aluminum is 4%, and magnesium is 39% | chemical composition of mantle (or oceanic crust), top three minerals with percentages |
| mantle (mafic) is 50% and felsic is 75% | silica percentages of two main types of magma |
| silica is 49%, iron is 10%, and magnesium is 10% | percentages of top three minerals in mafic MAGMA |
| silica is 74%, iron is 3%, and magnesium is .4% (Na is 4% and K is 4.2%) | percentages of top three minerals in felsic MAGMA |
| advection - magma into crust, and crustal thickening | two ways to cause partial melting in crust |
| olivine, pyroxene, amphiboles, biotite, quartz, muscovite and k feldspar...calcium to sodium rich plagioclase feldspar | order of minerals on bowen's reaction series from highest temp(mafic) to lowest (felsic) |
| 55 to 65% silica. Al is highest here | percentage of silica in intermediate magma. is aluminum content high or low here? |
| magmatic mixing, assimilation of country rock, and fractional crystallization | three ways to create intermediate magma |
| fractional crystallization and crustal melting | two ways to create felsic magma |
| magma composition, grain size, and texture | rocks are named on what criteria |
| porphyritic. phenocrysts | what type of rock is a mix of coarse and fine-grained textures? what are the coarse grains called? |
| fragmented magma from large vesicles caused explosions that broke rocks while forming | describe the formation of a pyroclastic rock |
| basalt, gabbro, porphyritic basalt | fine, coarse and mixed types of mafic rocks |
| andesite, diorite, and porphyritic andesite | fine, coarse, and mixed type of intermediate rocks |
| rhyolite, granite, and porphyritic rhyolite | fine, coarse, and mixed type of felsic rocks |
| True | T or F: scoria (cinders) is the mafic version of pumice |
| 60% silica and exists at 750 degrees C | silica content and temp or intermediate magma |
| one Pa.S = 10 poise | compare pascal seconds to poise (water is under .003 Pa.S) |
| viscosity | what characteristic has control over forms of lava, shapes of volcanoes, explosiveness of eruptions |
| silica link to polymer chains and give magma a certain structure making it resist flow. bonds are very strong | explain why silica makes a lava viscous |
| temperature, dissolved gas (more water means less viscosity), silica | what three factors control viscosity in lava |
| slabby pahoehoe | transition type between pahoehoe and aa |
| viscosity and shear stress | what two factors decide whether a lava is pahoehoe or aa |
| compound lava | lavas that meander back and forth (low viscosity makes it meander more), looks like many flows are this type(two choices) |
| simple lavas | a sheet flow, erupts and spills up forming what looks like a sheet, effusion rate high |
| because in its formation it meandered over itself and didn't simply gush up like in simple lavas | why do compound lavas pinch out in cross section whereas simple lavas looks like relatively neat layers |
| columnar jointing | what feature comes from basalts drying and shrinking (like mud drying up) |
| upper colonnade, interior entablature, lower colonnade | describe the three basic layers of a basaltic lava flow |
| pillow lava | volcanic glass as their rinds, joints are radial in cross section |
| shield, composite, cinder cone | three main types of volcano, largest to smallest |
| Andesite | intermediate viscosity, block lava surface morphology, levee-margined, compression ridges in lavas, composite cones (stratocones) |
| rhyolite | short thick flows (coulees), always block lava, cascade range, sometimes too viscous to flow (lava dome) |
| True | pyroclastic rock is formed inside volcano before an eruption occurs |
| False | The more viscous a lava, the easier it is for the lava to let go of the gas |
| volume of material and plume height. volume is used because you have to actually be present to see plume height. | two ways to classify explosive eruptions |
| water plus basalt.one to ten cubic meters (explosive). | surtseyan. lava type and explosivity...vulcanian. |
| thousands meters cubed. non explosive.ten thousand meters cubed. non expl. both daily | hawaiian. volume, explosivity, frequencystrombolian. |
| paroxysmal. one hundred mill cubic m. ten yrscolossal. one cubic km. every 100 yrs. | subplinian. vol, explosivity, frequencyplinian. |
| ultra-plinian | what is super-colossal and has thousands of kilometers cubed ash and erupts every ten thousand years? |
| he watched mt. vesuvius bury pompeii in 79AD | who is pliny the younger |
| ash and pumice | two basic products from volcanic eruption |
| ultra-plinian type (collapsed calderas) | what type are long valley caldera, yellowstone, and crater lake |
| because so much material, ash flows back down volcano, including water vapor, gas, ash, and pumice in a dense fluid (aka pyroclastic flow)..most destructive volcanic process, up to 100s miles per hour | explain process of ash flow formation |
| deposit of ash flow with pyroclastic surge deposit at base, next is pyroclastic flow deposit(rock, pumic, and ash), then on top is ash fall deposits (the least dense material) | describe an ignimbrite |
| surtseyan | what type is high in fragmentation with a lot of material dispersed (source of explosivity from ocean water, not magma) |
| surtsey types | tuff cones with low wide craters (steeper than tuff rings), tugg rings, and maars |
| surtseyan - water plus basalt. vulcanian - andesite. hawaiian and strombolian - basalt. sub-plinian - andesitic. plinian and ultra-plinian is rhyolitic | describe the types of magma that come from each type of eruption in plinian diagram |
| Lake Toba | site of super volcano from video |
| long valley, taupeau, yellowstone, and lake toba | four main supervolcanoes mentioned in video |
| four thousand years. six hundred thousand years. | cycle of lake toba. cycle of yellowstone. |
| meteorite | the only thing more powerful than a supervolcano |
| convergent collision zone (limited)and transform fault (none) | two boundaries that don't have abundant volcanism |
| divergent mid-ocean ridge | the only plate margin with weak (not strong quakes) |
| conv sub zone and conv collision zone | the only two plate margins that have deep (not shallow) quakes |
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