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question/answer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| political participation | all the activities that citizens try to influence who we choose as our leaders and the decisions that they make. |
| politics | the process that determines who we choose to make decisions for us. |
| collective goods | goods and services that everyone gets. |
| government | the action of controlling a nation, state, or community. |
| single-issue groups | political support based on one idea. |
| policymaking system | peoples interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers and themselves. |
| linkage institutions | when peoples concerns become political issues for elections, political parties, and the media. |
| policy agenda | the problems that attract attention from the people involved in politics. |
| political issue | a problem that becomes worse when people disagree about the issue and the solution to the problem. |
| policymaking institutions | when braches of the government are charged with taking action on a political problem. |
| public policy | a decision that government makes because of a political issue. |
| policy impacts | how a policy effects people and problems. |
| democracy | a system of policymakers that organize government so a certain policy responds to the publics preferences. |
| majority rule | a democratic theory that the majority's desire be respected. |
| minority rights | a democratic theory that guarantees rights to the people that aren't in majorities. |
| representation | it describes the relationship between the leaders and followers. |
| pluralism | no group dominates, everyone gets a slice. |
| elitism | the upper class or rich people control government. |
| hyperpluralism | this means that groups are so strong that they weaken the government. |
| policy gridlock | this is when interests conflict, making no group strong enough, therefore there is no policy made. |
| political culture | values shared equally within a society. |
| gross domestic product | the total value of goods and services produced each year in a nation. |
| 1.1/What did President Obamas speech consist of when he attended the University of Michigan in 2012? | he discussed his proposals for making college more affordable. |
| What does apathy mean? | you don't care |
| In what year did Obama run for the White House? | 2008 |
| What was the year 2008 labeled as? | "Year of the Youth Vote" |
| what does a lack of interest often lead to? | lack of information. |
| in 2008, what did the National Election Study ask a nationwide sample of people about? | their general level of interests in politics. |
| how many Americans under the age of 30 said they rarely followed politics? | over half. |
| What date represents a time when the youth closely followed a major national event along with everyone else? | September 11, 2001 (9/11) |
| In 2010, what percentage of young adults said they enjoyed keeping up with the news? | 27% |
| what are the institutions such as congress, the president, the courts, and federal administrative agencies called? | "the bureaucracy" |
| Is it true that we have the opportunity to have a substantial impact on government? | yes/true |
| How much money does the United States spend each year on national defense? | over $650 billion |
| why was the defense budget substantially increased? | since 9/11 it has been increased to cope with the threat of terrorism on U.S. soil. |
| What do governments spend billions of dollars on in this country? | schools, libraries, hospitals, highways, and many other public goods and services. |
| than any other age group, what age group has the most at stake in every election? | The elderly. |
| Why did Time Magazine label the 2008 election "year of the youth vote"? | Young people supported Obama. |
| What is political clout? | Political influence |
| What are goods and services | The goods people get and the services people give. |
| What are other ways young people get involved in society? | Direct service and volunteering. |
| What are young people indifferent about getting involved in? | Politics and government. |
| 1.2/What does the media usually focus on? | The people involved in politics. |
| What refers to the substance of politics and government? | Benefits |
| Who does the "who" in politics include? | Voters, candidates, groups, and parties. |
| There are many Americans who treat politics as critical to their interests. What are many of these people members of? | single-issue groups. |
| How do people participate in politics? | Voting, supporting, compromising, lobbying, and more. |
| What do single-issue groups do? | They are so concerned with one issue that members often cast their votes on the basis of that issue only. |
| What do groups with a high turnout rate get? | They benefit |
| What is one form of political participation? | Voting |
| what are pro-life and pro-choice groups? | They are single-minded and usually uncompromising. |
| What does politics determine? | Whom we select as our governmental leaders and what policies they make. |
| How do people judge the health of a government? | By how widespread political participation is. |
| What is behind every arcane tax provision? | There are real people receiving something or having something taken away. |
| What does low voter turnout have an effect on? | Who hold political power. |
| Why are voters a distorted sample of the public as a whole? | because so many people don't show up at the polls. |
| What is a good example of a single interest group? | People trying to end abortion. |
| Why do people treat politics as a critical interest? | For some people it is their livelihood. |
| What are political scientists interested in? | Primarily in politics related to making decisions. |
| Why do people get involved in politics? | Because they know that it affects them in a significant way. |
| How do people make up their political participation? | By getting involved in politics. |
| What else do single-issue groups do? | They ignore a politicians stand on everything. |
| 1.3/What do Americans frequently expect the government to do? | Something about their problems. |
| What is the president and members of congress expected to do? | To keep the economy humming along. |
| What will voters do if they do not do this? | Voters will penalize them at the polls. |
| How does the government respond to the priorities of its people? | Through the policymaking system. |
| What things do people do in the policymaking system? | people shape policies and in turn are impacted by them. |
| What does government policy do over time? | It comes into being and evolves. |
| What does the policymaking system begin with? | It begins with people. |
| What is touched on by the public policy? | All Americans interests, problems, and concerns. |
| What do some people think the government should spend more time doing? | Training people for todays jobs. |
| What do other people think the government is doing? | They think the government is spending too much money. |
| What else do some citizens expect the government to do? | They expect them to do something to curb domestic violence. |
| What do people do to express their opinions in a democracy? | People vote, join political parties, post messages to internet chat groups, and form interest groups. |
| What are interest groups? | organized groups of people with a common interest. |
| What do linkage institutions consist of? | Parties, elections, interest groups, and the media. |
| What do parties and interest groups strive to ensure? | That their members receive appropriate political attention. |
| What do all of these institutions help to shape? | The governments policy agenda. |
| What do politicians have to do if they want to get elected? | They have to pat attention to the problems that concern voters. |
| What are you looking at when you vote? | Whether a candidate shares your agenda. |
| What happens when jobs are scarce and business productivity is falling? | Economic problems occupy a high position on the governments agenda. |
| Government will not act on any issue until what? | Until it is high on the policy agenda. |
| 1.4/What other terms does the term democracy take its place among? | freedom, justice, and peace. |
| What do most people in most democracies believe? | That democracy is the best form of government. |
| What would most Americans say about democracy? | That it is "government by the people". |
| What does the constitution forbid? | The granting of titles of nobility. |
| What rests on a number of key principles that specify how governmental decisions are made in a democracy? | Traditional democratic theory. |
| What must democracies practice? | Majority rule. |
| Restraints on the majority rule are built into what? | The American system of government. |
| The majority cannot infringe on what? | Minority rights. |
| The relationship between leaders and citizens is on of what? | Representation. |
| What is the literal meaning of representation? | "make present once again" |
| What does this mean in politics? | That the desires of the people should be replicated in government through the choices of elected officials. |
| What are the Three Contemporary Theories of American Democracy? | Pluralism, Hyperpluralism, and Elitism. |
| What did civil right groups face in the 1950's? | Congressional roadblocks |
| Pluralists believe that? | Rather than speaking of majority rule, we should speak of groups of minorities working together. |
| What are the Challenges To Democracy? | Increased complexity of issues, limited participation in government, escalating campaign costs, and diverse political interests. |
| In 2012 the influence of the wealthy on politics drew in what? | Increased public attention. |
| One of the fundamental values that most American cherish is? | That of liberty. |
| Freedom of speech and religion are fundamental to what? | The American way of life. |
| What was one of the most famous statements during the American Revolution? | "give me liberty or give me death" |
| Americans are diverse in terms of? | Ancestry, religion, and heritage. |
| 1.5/How much money was proposed in the economic stimulus package to deal with the nations economic woes in 2009? | $787 billion |
| What is one of the many federal programs that provides support for individuals with low income? | The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. |
| In terms of dollars spent, government in America is what? | Vast |
| Altogether our governments-national, state, and local-spend about how much of our Gross Domestic Product? | About a third. |
| Government not only spends large sums of money but also? | Employs large numbers of people. |
| About how many Americans work for our government? | About 24 million |
| How much money does the government spend annually? | $3.7 trillion |
| How many civilians and people in the military does the government employ? | About 2.8 million civilians, and 1.4 million people in the military. |
| How much of the land in the United States does the government own? | About one-third |
| How many square feet of office space does the government occupy? | Over 3.2 billion square feet |
| How does the government spend $3.7 trillion a year? | The national defense takes about one-sixth of the federal budget. |
| What must happen when expenditures grow? | Tax revenues must grow to pay the additional costs. |
| What happens when taxes do not grow as fast as spending? | A budget deficit results. |
| The federal government ran a budget deficit every year from what year? | 1969 to 1997 |
| The last few Clinton budgets showed what? | Surpluses |
| Whatever the national problem, many people expect what? | For congress and the president to work to solve it through legislation. |
| Even with the increase of percentage of money spent after 9/11, social security consumes more than how much of the budget? | More than one-fifth. |
| The federal government helps fund what? | Highway and airport construction, police departments, school districts, and other state and local functions. |
| How much of the budget does medicare require? | A little over one-tenth. |
| The national problems we expect congress and the president to work to solve are? | Unemployment, terrorism, illegal immigration, energy, education, and lack of access to health care. |
| 2.1/When and where was the Declaration of Independence passed? | 1776 in Philadelphia |
| What day was it passed on? | July 4th |
| What did the king and Parliament generally confine themselves to governing? | Americas foreign policy and trade. |
| Who did commercial regulations irritate? | Colonial shippers, planters, land speculator, and merchants. |
| where did Britain obtain and enormous new territory? | North America |
| When was this? | After the French and Indian war. |
| When did the war end? | 1763 |
| What did the colonists lack in Parliament? | Direct representation. |
| What was Thomas Paine's fiery tract? | "Common Sense" |
| When did this appear? | In January 1776 |
| 2.2/The Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration of Independence was what? | Only a voluntary association of the states. |
| In 1776, Congress appointed a committee to do what? | To draw up a plan for a permanent union of the states. |
| What was that plan? | The Articles of Confederation |
| What did the Articles establish? | A government dominated by the states. |
| The Articles established a national legislature with how many houses? | One house |
| States could send how many delegates? | As many as 7 and as few as 2. |
| How many votes could each state have? | One vote. |
| After the Articles were ratified by the states, many logistical and political problems did what to congress? | They plagued Congress. |
| What policy was passed in 1787? | The Northwest Ordinance. |
| What did this policy do? | It encouraged the development of the Great Lakes region. |
| 2.3/How many representatives came to Philadelphia? | 12 |
| Why did they come to Philadelphia? | To heed the Continental Congress's. |
| What state refused to send delegates? | Rhode Island. |
| What was Rhode Island? | A stronghold of paper-money interests. |
| Which delegate did not also attend? | Patrick Henry |
| Where was he from? | Virginia |
| Why did he not attend? | He feared a centralization of power. |
| How many delegates total were there? | 55 |
| What did they write? | The U.S. Constitution. |
| These delegates were a combination of what? | Philosophers and shrewd political architects. |
| 2.4/How did the delegates in Philadelphia want to construct a government? | They wanted a government that was consistent with their political philosophy. |
| What issues did they want to confront? | issues of equality, the economy, and individual rights. |
| What does the Declaration state that the Constitution does not? | That all men are created equal. |
| What did some of the most important issues on the policy agenda in Philadelphia concern? | Equality |
| What three issues occupied more attention than almost any others? | Whether the states were to be equally represented, what to do about slavery, and whether to ensure equality in voting. |
| Which policy called for each state to be equally represented in the new Congress? | The New Jersey Plan |
| What was the opposing strategy termed? | The Virginia Plan |
| Who was this suggested by? | Edmund Randolph |
| What did this plan call for? | For giving each state representation in Congress based on the states share of the American population. |
| The delegates resolved this conflict with what? | The Connecticut Compromise |
| 2.5/The framers believed that human nature was what? | self-interested |
| They had no desire to remove the divisions in society by what? | Converting private property to common ownership. |
| They also believed that protecting private property was what? | A key purpose of government. |
| Their experience with state governments under The Articles of Confederation reinforced what? | Their view that democracy was a threat to property. |
| many of them felt that the nonwealthy majority would do what? | tyrannize the wealthy minority if given political power. |
| What was James Madison a careful student of? | Politics and government. |
| What did he become? | The principal architect of the governments final structure. |
| What do we sometimes refer to this as? | "Madisonian system." |
| He and his colleagues feared what? | Both majority and minority factions. |
| what could either of these do? | They could take control of the government and use it to their advantage. |
| 2.6/Why did the Constitution not go into effect once the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia was over? | The states had too ratify it. |
| How many states did the Constitution require to approve it before it could be implemented? | 9 of the 13 |
| What requirement did they ignore? | That the Articles of Confederation be amended only by unanimous consent. |
| Throughout the states, a fierce battle erupted between who? | The Federalists and the Anti-federalists. |
| In praise of the Constitution, what three men wrote a series of articles? | James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay |
| Under what name did they write these articles? | Publius |
| What were these articles known as? | The Federalist Papers |
| When did the first of the Federalist papers appear? | On October 27, 1787 |
| Where did these papers appear? | In New York newspapers. |
| How many of these papers were there total? | 85 |
| 2.7/What did Thomas Jefferson say about the Constitution? | "The Constitution","belongs to the living and not to the dead." |
| The Constitution is frequently and rightly referred to as what? | A living document. |
| The Constitution is constantly being what? | Tested and altered. |
| How are constitutional changes made? | Either by formal amendments or by a number of informal processes. |
| What do formal amendments do to the Constitution? | They change the letter of the Constitution. |
| What are the most explicit means of changing the Constitution made through? | The formal process of amendment. |
| Which article of the Constitution outlines procedures for formal amendment? | Article 5 |
| What are the two stages to the amendment process? | Proposal and ratification. |
| Does the president have a formal role in amending the Constitution? | No |
| Can the chief executive influence the success of proposed amendments? | Yes |
| 2.8/What is the U.S. often said to be? | One of the most democratic societies in the world. |
| What would few describe the Constitution as? | Democratic. |
| What did members of the 18th century generally think about democratic government? | They despised it. |
| What was the American government to be? | A government of the "rich, well-born, and able" |
| What did the Constitution not create? | A monarchy or a feudal aristocracy. |
| What is one of the central themes of American history? | The gradual democratization of the Constitution. |
| What has the expansion of voting rights done? | It has moved the political system away from the elitist model of democracy. |
| What has it moved towards? | The pluralist model. |
| What didn't the Constitution itself offer? | It offered no guidelines on voter eligibility. |
| What did this cause? | This left the states to decide. |
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