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Bio: Chapter45
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hormone | Molecule that is secreted into the extracellular fluid, circulated in the blood, and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body. |
| Endocrine System | The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones. |
| Nervous System | A network of specialized cells--neurons-- that transmit signals along dedicated pathways. |
| Endocrine Glands | A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream. |
| Local Regulators | Secreted molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion. |
| Paracrine | Target cells lie near the secreting cell |
| Autocrine | The secreted molecules act on the secreting cell itself. |
| Neurohormones | A molecule that is secreted by a neuron, travels in body fluids, and acts on specific target cells to change their functioning. |
| Pheromones | Chemicals that are released into the external environment. |
| Signal Transduction | The series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response. |
| Epinephrine | A catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight or flight" responses to short-term stresses. AKA adrenaline. |
| Growth Factors | Stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation |
| Nitric Oxide | Nitrogen double-bonded to oxygen. Serves in the body as both a neurotransmitter and a local regulator. |
| Prostaglandins (PG) | One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virtually all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators. |
| Pancreas | A gland with two functions. 1) The non endocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine. 2) Ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting insulin and glucagon into the blood. |
| Negative Feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. |
| Insulin | Secreted by pancreatic beta cells. Promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis. |
| Glucagon | Promotes the release of glucose into the blood. |
| Islets of Langerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secretes glucagon and insulin. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues. |
| Ecdysone | Released by endocrine glands behind the brain. Promotes each successive molt, as well as the metamorphosis of the caterpillar into a butterfly during the final molt. |
| Juvenile Hormone | A hormone in arthropods. Secreted by the corpora allata. Promotes the retention of larval characteristics. |
| Hypothalamus | Maintains homeostasis especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems. Secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary. |
| Pituitary Gland | An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus. Secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions. |
| Posterior Pituitary | An extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus. |
| Anterior Pituitary | Portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue. Secretes several tropic and non tropic hormones. |
| Oxytocin | Regulates milk release during nursing. |
| Positive Feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | Helps regulate blood osmolarity. |
| Tropic Hormone | A hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands |
| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Tropic hormone. Produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and perm by the testes. |
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | A tropic hormone. Produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males. |
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex. |
| Prolactin (PRL) | Stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals, regulates fat metabolism and reproduction in birds, delays metamorphosis in amphibians, and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. |
| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) | Regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some amphibians. |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Secreted by the anterior pituitary. Stimulates growth through tropic and non tropic effects. |
| Thyroid Gland | An endocrine gland, located on the ventral surface of the trachea. Secretes T3, T4 and calcitonin. |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | Secreted by the thyroid. Helps regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in vertebrates. |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Secreted by the thyroid. Helps regulate metabolism, development, and maturation in vertebrates. |
| Parathyroid Glands | A set of four small structures embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. Plays a major role in blood Ca +2 regulation. |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Released by parathyroid glands. Raises the level of blood Ca +2 by direct and indirect effects. |
| Calcitonin | Released by thyroid gland. A hormone that inhibits bone resorption and enhances Ca +2 releases by the kidney. |
| Adrenal Glands | One of a pair of ductless glands, located above the kidneys, consisting of a cortex, which produces steroidal hormones, and a medulla, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| Norepinephrine | A catecholamine that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter. |
| Catecholamines | Any of a group of chemically related neurotransmitters, as epinephrine and dopamine, that have similar effects on the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Corticosteroids | Any steroid hormone produced and secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
| Glucocorticoids | A steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and that influences glucose metabolism and immune function. |
| Mineralocorticoids | A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water homeostasis. |
| Androgens | Any steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Testosterone | A steroid hormone required for the development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics. |
| Estrogens | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Estradiol | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |
| Progestins | Any steroid hormone with progesterone-like activity. |
| Progesterone | A steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy. |
| Pineal Gland | A small mass of tissue near the center of the mammalian brain. Synthesizes and secretes the hormone melatonin. |
| Melatonin | A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates body functions related to seasonal day length. |
Created by:
Gianna B
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