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Introduction to A&P1

QuestionAnswer
What is anatomy? Anatomy is the scientific study of form/ structure.
What are the three broad subdivisions of anatomy? 1. Gross anatomy (includes surface, systemic, and regional anatomy) 2. Microscopic anatomy (includes cytology and histology- study of tissue) 3. Developmental anatomy (includes embryology).
What are the steps/processes from fertilization to organogenesis during embryonic development? Begins with fertilization to create a unicellular zygote. Cells divide rapidly (cleavage). Cells form solid ball (morula) and then hollow ball (blastula) Blastula will give rise to gastrula (germ-layer) Germ layers form basic tissues Organoegenesis
What tissues/organs are given rise to by ectoderm? Ectoderm will give rise to the epidermis and CNS (nervous tissue).
What tissues/organs are given rise to by Endoderm? Endoderm will give rise to the lining of the gut and respiratory system.
What tissues/organs are given rise to by mesoderm?
What is physiology? Physiology is the scientific study of function.
What is homeostasis? Internal maintenance and balance of life.
List the levels of organization from the most simple (atoms) to the most complex (organism) 1. Atoms/elements, 2. Molecules/compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins, nucleotides), 3. Organelles, 4. Cells, 5. Tissues (Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous), 6. Organs, 7. Organ system, 8. Organism.
What are the twelve organ systems? 1. Integumentary- skin 2. Skeletal- bone 3. Muscular- locomotion 4. Nervous- brain 5. Endocrine- hormones 6. Circulatory- transport 7. Lymphatic- lymph 8. Immune- thymus 9. Respiratory- lungs 10. Gastrointestinal- 11 Urinary 12. Reproductive
What is the normal set point of Arterial 0^2? 95 + 5 mmHg
What is the normal set point of Venous 0^2? 40 mmHg
What is the normal set point of Arterial CO^2? 40 mmHg
What is the normal set point of Na+? 140-5 mmol/L
What is the normal set point of K+? 4-5 mmol/L
What is the normal set point of Ca^2+? 1.2 mmol/L
What is the normal set point of Cl-? 108 mmol/L
What is the normal set point of HCO^3-? 24 mmol/L
What is the normal set point of Glucose? 80-90 mg/dL
What is the normal set point of Body Temperature? 37 centigrade
What is the normal set point of Arterial pH? 7.4
What are the five components for a homeostatic (feedback) pathway? 1. Receptor (sensor)- Detects/responds to a stimulus. 2. Afferent pathway - A sensory nerve or extra cellular fluid that carries signal to the control center 3. Control Center - Determines set point for variable in question. 4. Eferentpat 5. Effector
What is negative feedback? Set point is opposite direction of the altered variable. Examples. Body temperature and blood pressure regulation.
What is positive feedback? Response to set point is the same as the altered variable. Examples. Birth and platelet aggregation.
What are four methods to determine anatomy without dissection? 1. x-ray- uses radiation 2. CT scan (computed tomography)- xrays 3. Ultrasound- Uses sound-waves >20 kilohertz 4. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)- uses extreme magnetic field.
Define Anatomical Position? a standard body position that acts as the anatomical reference point.
Superior + Inferior Superior- Above Inferior- Below
Anterior + Posterior Anterior- Front Posterior- Back
Ventral + Dorsal Ventral- Front Dorsal- Back
Medial + Lateral (intermediate) Medial- On or at the midline Lateral- Away from the midline
Proximal + Distal Proximal- Near the trunk Disstal- Far from trunk
Superficial + Deep Superficial- Close to body's surface Deep- Far from body's surface
How is a body cavity arranged? Organ sourounded by the visceral serous membrane outer is the parietal serous membrane.
Created by: tangsuedoe
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