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Bio: Chapter 27
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peptidoglycan | A network of modified-sugar polymers cross linked by short peptides. |
| Gram Stain | Allows scientists to classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition. |
| Gram-Positive | Bacteria that have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. |
| Gram-Negative | Bacteria that have more complex structures with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides and have less peptidoglycan. |
| Capsule | A sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that enables prokaryotes to adhere to their substrate or to other individuals on a colony. |
| Sex Pili | Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other. |
| Taxis | Movement toward or away from a stimulus |
| Nucleoid | A region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrographs. |
| Plasmids | A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome. |
| Endospores | A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions. |
| Transformation | When the genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings. |
| Transduction | When bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. |
| Bacteriophages | Viruses that infect bacteria. |
| Conjugation | When genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined. |
| F Factor | In bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor the recipient. |
| F Plasmid | The plasmid form of the F factor. |
| R Plasmids | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. |
| Obligate Aerobes | An organism that requires oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot live without it. |
| Obligate Anaerobes | An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it. |
| Anaerobic Respiration | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. |
| Facultative Anaerobes | An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present. |
| Nitrogen Fixation | The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants. |
| Heterocytes | A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria. |
| Biofilms | A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation. |
| Extremophiles | An organism that live in an environment whose conditions are so extreme that few other species can survive there. Extremophiles include extreme halophiles and extreme thermophiles. |
| Extreme Halophiles | An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. |
| Extreme Thermophiles | An organism that thrives in hot environments often 60-80 C or hotter. |
| Methanogens | An organism that obtains energy by using carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen, producing methane as a waste product. In domain Archaea. |
| Decomposers | An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms. |
| Symbiosis | An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with one another |
| Host | The larger organism in a symbiotic relationship |
| Symbiont | The smaller organism in a symbiotic relationship |
| Mutualism | An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit |
| Commensalism | An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way. |
| Parasitism | An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host. |
| Pathogens | Parasites that cause disease. Usually prokaryotic. |
| Exotoxins | Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms. |
| Endotoxins | Lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are only released when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down. |
| Bioremediation | The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil. air. or water. |
| Fimbriae | Hair-like protein appendages that allow some prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or to one another. |
| Motility | Directional movement. |
| Recombination | When a virus that carries bacterial DNA attaches to another bacterium. The DNA is injected and the recipient cell's chromosome becomes a combination of DNA derived from two cells. |
Created by:
Gianna B
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