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Stack #Ebio.exam2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Need less energy since they don't run 2 cycles C4 or C3 plants | C3 |
| What are producers of photosynthesis? | plants and photosynthetic organisms |
| C4 or C3. Has PEP carboxylase that is more efficient than RuBP. | C4 |
| Where does photosynthesis occur in plants? | chloroplasts |
| Better in cool, moist, less sunny climates. (cold-tolerant) | C3 |
| What are 2 primary areas in chloroplasts | 1. inner membrane2. fluid space |
| Need less water and less nitrogen fertilizer.C4 or C3 | C4 |
| solar energy drives the production of ______ and ______in plants | ATP and NADPH |
| What is the inner membrane of a chloroplast? | light rxns which are light collection by chlorophyll and electron transport. |
| ____ and _____ drive the conversion of CO2 to energy rich sugar | ATP and NADPH |
| Can fix CO2 w/ stomates less widely open | C4 |
| what is fluid space of choloroplasts? | where the CO2 gets converted to sugars in calvin cycle |
| What provides energy for rxns? | ATP |
| What is NADPH? | an electron carrier that provides H |
| ___ comes from ____ in light collection rxn water strip e- from water by a water splitting enzyme | O2, H2O |
| Overiew of light collection (4 steps) | 1. solar energy used to strip e-,2. energized e-3. make ATP4. load energized e- onto NADPH |
| How does energy produced an energized e-? | chlorphyll molecules absorb light and passes onto a special chlorophyll that gives up an e- |
| Which plants, deep shade or full sunlight, maximize light collection and have more chlorophyll? | deep shade |
| 3 Evidence for role of plant carotenoids in protection from light damage | 1. More carotenoids in sun grown vs. shade grown leaves, 2. bleaching and death when given a carotenoid inhibiter, 3. more photosynthesis in red light than in blue |
| Full sunlight plants have these 4 features | 1. collect LESS sunlight,2. protect from sun damage, 3. has less chlorophyll,4. more carotenoids, |
| Most plants (C3) use this cylce | Calvin Cycle |
| List 7 environmental antioxidants | 1. smoking, 2. excess UV radiation, 3. ionizing radiation, 4. heavy metals, 5. asbestos, 6. silica, 7. detox of alcohol and legal/illegal drugs |
| __% to ___% of e- transport in mitochondrial respiration leads to formative reactive oxygen | 5-10 |
| TRUE or FALSE. Human body forms reactive oxygen with every breath we take | TRUE |
| Name some antioxidant minerals. | 1. zinc, 2. selenium, 3. vitamins C & E |
| What keeps reactive oxygen species in check that come from the diet? | antioxidants |
| In a hydroelectric dam model water stands for ____, turbine stands for ____ and lit bulb stands for ______ | protons (H+), ATP synthase, ATP produced |
| These plants use and addition CO2 fixation cycle before Calvin cycle. C4 or C3 | C4 |
| What is the basal metabolic rate in kcal per day in human adult male vs. alligator? | 1600-1800 in human adult male vs. 60 in alligator |
| What is 2nd law of thermodynamics? | every energy transformed leads to a loss in of usable energy as heat |
| What does mitochondrial uncoupling proteins do? | provide a channel across the membrane thru which protons flow back(downhill) WITHOUT making ATP and releasing all energy as HEAT |
| Brown fat cells use _______ protein to uncouple e- transport from ATP formation to generate only heat and NO ATP | uncoupling |
| TRUE of FALSE. Brown cells do not have a lot of mitochondria? | FALSE |
| What does chloroplast provide for cells? | sugars |
| What does mitochondrion provide for cell? | ATP |
| Name and location of carbon cyle in respiration | Citric acid cycle, in matrix |
| Location of glycolosis and fermentation | cytosol |
| TRUE or FALSE. Brown cells produce HEAT in newborns, small mammals in cold climate, and hibernating animals | TRUE |
| Name and location of carbon cyle in photosynthesis | Calvin cyle, in the stroma |
| What is the energy yield of glycolosis and fermentation? | 2 ATP |
| ____ and ___ are produced by light collecting and e- transport rxns in photosynthesis and are utilized in Calvin Cycle | ATP, NADPH |
| TRUE of FALSE. Photosynthetic e- transport IS affected by whether oxygen is present or absent | FALSE, does not get affected by presence or absence of oxygen because it produces it. |
| Organic molecules and oxygen are starting materials in ________, while CO2 and water are the starting materials in _____________ | cellular respiration; photosynthesis |
| BOTH mitochondria and chloroplasts produce this. | ATP |
| ATP synthase in mitochondria and chloroplasts _________ a proton (H+) gradient, and ATP-fueled proton (H+) pump on the outer cell membrane of plants _______ a proton gradient | utilizes; creates |
| What is the ultimate source of e- used to produce NADPH and then used to produce high energy- C_H bonds in sugars from low energy bond in CO2? | water |
| TRUE or FALSE. Special chlorophyll gets e- back from water molecule leaving H+ and O2 behind | TRUE |
| Energy for all cellular work provided by the same energy-rich compound is: | ATP |
| What is the ultimate source of metabolism and cellular respiration? | sun |
| What are the producers of metabolism and cellular respiration? | plants and other photosynthetic organisms |
| What are the consumers of metabolism and cellular respiration? | animals |
| TRUE of FALSE. Chemical energy is given off by producers and flowed as chemical energy to consumers in metabolism and cellular respiration | TRUE |
| TRUE or FALSE. Cells use ATP as energy currency | TRUE |
| ATP is similar to a nucleotide because it consists of these 3 parts | 3 phoshate groups, a sugar, and nitrogen base |
| ATP does 3 kinds of celluar work that involves high energy P. Name the work at the proteins associated with each work | 1. motor proteins for mechanical work, 2. transport proteins for transport work, 3. reactant molecules for chemical work |
| Which fo the following does NOT have same sturctural componentas as all of other molecules? ATP, NADH, DNA, steroids, nucleotides | , steroids |
| TRUE or FALSE. Energy for all cellular work is provided by same energy rich compound, ATP | TRUE |
| What is the first part of cellular respiration | Glucose enters cell turns to pyruvate. |
| TRUE or FALSE. Cellular respiration breaks down energy-rich molecules to CO2 and water removing their energy | TRUE |
| Glycolysis is inside or outside mitochondria? | outside |
| TRUE or FALSE. ATP is formed wit energy from BREAKDOWN of energy-rick food molecules. | TRUE |
| Only when _____ is present, can glucose be broken down completely in mitochondria for HIGH yield energy | oxygen |
| The regeneration of ____ from ____and phosphate is an energy consuming reaction | ATP; ADP |
| Aerobic celluar respiration requires _____ to be present | oxygen |
| Fermentation does or does not require oxygen to be present? | DOES NOT |
| Are glycolysis and fermentation aerobic or anaerobic? | anaerobic (w/o oxygen) |
| What are two things that alcoholic fermentation form by yeast and bacteria? | ethanol and CO2 |
| TRUE or FALSE. Yeast used alcholic fermentation to convert hexoses into ethanol for fuels. | TRUE |
| Lactid acid fermentation includes other fungi and bacteria. Also includes muscle cells under anaerobic conditions. TRUE or FALSE. | TRUE |
| Products of alcoholic fermentation include: | yeast for beer and wine |
| CO2 gas formed from fermenation is used for? | bread leavening |
| Products of lactic acid fermentation include: | yogurt, cheese, (dairy products) |
| Different human muscle fibers use different metabolisms. TRUE or FALSE. What are the two kinds? | TRUE. Fast twitch glycolytic fibers for glycolosis. Slow twitch oxidative fibers for oxidative fibers. |
| Slow or fast twitch fibers yield more energy? | slow b/c fast is more for sprint energy |
| 3 types of macromolecules used as fuel in cellular respiration | 1. Carbohydrates: provide quick energy (sprint)2. Fats provided substantial engery for extended exercise3. Proteins for energy ONLY during starvation periods |
| Steps of energy transfer from food | 1. Sugars broken down in steps starting with glycolysis in cytosol , 2. Pyruvate broken dwon to CO2 in citric acid cycle in mitochondria, 3. energy of C-H bonds transferred to NADPH and PADH24. Enter into e- transport to make ATP |
| TRUE or FALSE. E- and H+ are removed from high engergy C-H bonds | TRUE |
| Where in mitochondria does e- transport chain and ATP formation occur? | folded inner membrane |
| Without oxygen the NADH cannot be used in mitochondria and will accumulate. If they rxn stopped at pyruvate what would happen? | Glycolysis would stop because the cell would run out of NAD+ |
| Why are e- transport and proton transport said to be coupled? | Because e- transport is couple with the movement of protons against their concentration gradient. |
| Why are proton movement and ATP formation in mitochondria daid to be 'coupled'? | Because protons moving thru the ATP synthase along their concentration gradient drive ATP formation. |
| Cells use the energy of energy-rich food molecules to form ATP. Which of the following represents a state of high energy? | 1. C-H bonds in food molecules , 2. The H(e- and H+) loaded onto NADH, 3. the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, 4. ATP formed |
| What would be the result of uncoupling? | 1. No proton gradient is produced, 2. No ATP produced, 3. Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and e- transport continue to run, and all engery is released as heat. |
| What would be the result of blocking e- transport by cyanide or CO2? | No ATP produced and Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and e- transport continue to run, and NO engery is released as heat. |
| Which metabolic process is most closely associated with membranes? | ATP generation in mitochondria |
| Cellular respiration harvests MOST chemical energy from ? | The mitochondrial part of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and e- transport) |
| Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or citric acid cycle include: | 1. Amino acids and proteins, 2. glyceral and fatty acids, 3. Glucose and sucrose, 4. Starch and glycogen |
| Cells that release energy of energy-rich food molecules. These steps represent a change from one form of energy to another. | 1. Use of energy-rich e- to build up a proton gradient, 2. use of proton gradient to drive ATP formation, 3. use of an uncoupling protein for thermogeneis |
| Would saturated or unsaturated fatty acid be more abundant in membranes of plants, algae, and bacteria in cold environment? | Unsaturated |
| Which type of fatty aid would offer GREATEST benefit for membranes of plants, algae, and bacteia in coldest habitats on earth? | Polyunsaturated |
Created by:
groovychik601
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