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USMLE
New FA Micro 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| teichoic acid is unique to what type of organisms? | gram-positive |
| endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane) is unique to what type of organisms? | gram-negative |
| what do teichoic acid and lipid A induce? | TNF and IL-1 |
| space between the cytoplasmic membrane in gram-negative bacteria | periplasm - contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases |
| this mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces, e.g. indwelling catheters | glycocalyx - made of polysaccharide |
| this contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins | plasmid - made of DNA |
| what is the only gram-positive with endotoxin? | listeria |
| what is exotoxin made of? | polypeptide |
| what is endotoxin made of? | lipopolysaccharide |
| typical diseases with exotoxin? | tetanus, botulism, diphtheria |
| tpical diseases with endotoxin? | meningococcemia, sepsis by gram-negative rods |
| gram-negative cocci? | neisseria |
| these have a gram-negative cell wall but are too small to be seen with light microscope | spirochetes - must be visualized with darkfield microscope |
| no cell wall; neither gram-positive or gram-negative | mycoplasma |
| name the 6 classic gram-positives | strep, staph, bacillus, clostridium, corynebacterium, listeria |
| lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria | endotoxin - heat stable |
| this bug inactivates elongation factor (EF-2), causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat | corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing pumping of Cl- and H20 into gut | cholera |
| what does e. coli heat-labile toxin stimulate? | adenylate cyclase |
| what does e. coli heat-stable toxin stimulate? | guanylate cyclase |
| what does bordatella pertussis stimulate? | adenylate cyclase; also inhibits chemokine receptor |
| double zone of hemolysis on blood agar? | C. perfringens |
| what does C. tetani block the release of? | inhibitory NT glycine |
| what does C. botulinum block the release of? | acetylcholine |
| what does shiga toxin do? | cleaves host cell rRNA; also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS |
| what type of bugs are rickettsia and chlamydia? | intracellular parasites |
| neisseria meningitidis ferments what? | maltose and glucose |
| neisseria gonorrhea ferments what? | glucose |
| what produces a blue-green pigment? | pseudomonas |
| what produces a red pigmetn? | serratia maracescens |
| IgA proteases allow what organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces? | strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, h. flu |
| silver stain? | fungi, PCP, legionella |
| india ink? | cryptococcus neofromans |
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain? | acid-fast baceria |
| PAS stain? | stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; used to diagnose Whipple's disease |
| Giemsa's stain? | borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia |
| congo red? | amyloid; apple-green birefringence in polarized light (because of beta-pleated sheets) |
| chocolate agar with factors V and X? | H. influenzae |
| Thayer-Martin (VCN) agar? | N. gonorrhoeae |
| Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar? | B. pertussis |
| tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar? | C. diphtheriae |
| Lowenstein-Jensen agar? | M. tuberculosis |
| pink colonies on MacConkey's agar? | lactose-fermenting enterics - Klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter (fast); citrobacer, serratia (slow) |
| charcoal yeast agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine? | Legionella |
| Sabouraud's agar? | fungi |
| obligate aerobes (4) | "Nagging Pests Must Breathe" Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium TB, Bacillus |
| obligate anaerobes (3) | clostridium, bacteriodes, actinomyces - lack catylase and/or superoxide dismutase, and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage; generally foul smelling, difficult to culture, and produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2) |
| obligate intracellular bugs (2) | rickettsia, chlamydia (stay inside when it's Really Cold) |
| facultative intracellular (8) | "Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY": salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia |
| encapsulated bugs (4) | strep pneumo, H. flu, neisseria meningitidis, klebsiella - positive quellung reaction |
| bacillus anthracis, c. perfringens, and c. tetani form what? | spores (gram positive soil bugs) |
| alpha hemolytic bacteria? | strep pneumo (catalase negative and optochin sensitive), viridans strep (catalase negative and optochin resistant) |
| beta hemolytic bacteria? | staph aureus (catalase, coagulase +), strep pyogenes (catalase -, bacitracin sensitive), strep agalactiae (catalase -, bacitracin resistant), listeria |
| how do you differentiate strep pyogenes form strep agalactiae? | strep pyogenes - bacitracin sensitive, strep agalactiae - bacitracin resistant |
| DNA transferred from 1 bacterium to another | conjugation |
| nature of DNA transferred in conjugation | chromosomal or plasmid |
| DNA transferred by a virus from 1 cell to another | transduction |
| nature of DNA transferred in transduction | any gene in generalized transduction; only certain genes in specialized transduction |
| purified DNA taken up by a cell | transformation (any DNA) |
| most capsules are made out of polysaccharide except bacillus anthracis, which contains what? | d-glutamate |
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