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A&P II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the Frank-Starking law of the heart? | The adjustment of stroke volume to end-distolic volume is independent of extrinsic controls |
| What is the myenteric plexus? | A layer of autonomic nerve fibers in the muscularis externa. |
| Acidic chyme is most likely to increase secretion of which duodenal hormone? | Secretin |
| Which portion of the peritubular capillary bed accompanies the loop of Henle into the renal medulla? | Vasa recta |
| Second messenger-controlled water channels would be found in the membranes of what? | Collecting duct cells |
| During the first trimester of pregnancy, secretion of which hormones sustains the uterine endometrium? | Estrogen and Progesterone by the corpus luteum |
| What three organs does the PTH have a direct effect on? | Bone, Kidney, and Intestine |
| The control of what hormone does not fit in the pattern of the other adenohypophyseal hormones, in which small peptides act as releasing factors or releasing inhibiting factors? | (PRL) Prolactin |
| What type of tissue is the posterior of the pituitary gland composed of? | Neural |
| Two main modes of motility in GI tract are? | Segmentation and Paristalisis |
| What is the myenteric plexus? | Layer of autonaomic nerve fibers in the muscularis external |
| Characteristic of single unit sooth muscle found in gastric muscularis? | innervation of both sympathetic and parasymmpthetic branches of the ANS |
| What is hyperemia? | Increase in blood flow |
| What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier? | To allow capillaries to restrict fluid transfer |
| What is the Vasa-Vasorum? | The blood vessel that serves the wall of a large artery or vein. |
| What is a tropic hormone? | Hormone that controls the function of other endocrin glands |
| Dibetes mellitus is what? | A decrease that results in elevated blood glucose |
| What is the hematocrit of blood? | A fraction of the total blood volume occupied by RBC |
| The cells of the specific immune system include what two types of agranular leukocytes? | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| What is the stem cell of all blood types? | Hemocytoblast |
| Formation of RBC is influenced by the level of what hormone? | Erythropoetin |
| What is blood serum? | Plasma from which the clotting factors have been formed |
| What causes aggulation during a blood transfusion? | Binding of antibodies coupling cells together |
| Frank-Starking law of the heart states? | Cardiac output equals venous returne |
| What is the first step in blood clotting? | Formation of a platelet plug |
| The long plateau of the cardiac action potential is due too? | The opening of the L type C++ channels |
| What is the period called when the heart is contracting? | Systole |
| What blood vessels are able to hold the largest amounts of blood? | Veins |
| What determines the distribution of blood flow between vascular beds? | The diameter of branches |
| What are juxtamedullary nephrons? | Nephrons that are responsible for making concentrated urin |
| What is the function of the hormone ADH? | To increase facilitative water reabsorption by the kidneys. |
| Gas exchange between fetal and maternal bloodstreams is the result of what? | Gas diffusion between maternal blood sinuses and placentl capillaries in chorionic villi |
| What happens when the urinary bladder is full? | The opening of the ureters into the bladder tend to squeeze shut preventing back flow to the kidneys |
| What is the mesentery? | The lining that connects the paretal peritoneum and some abdominal organs |
| The hormone that stimulates gastric acid secretions? | Gastrin |
| A major effect of the hormone secretin? | Inhibit gastric secretions |
| What is a complete protein? | A protein that contains all the amino acids that cant be synthesized by human cells |
| The presence of fat and protein in chime is most likely to increase secretion o which duodenal hormone? | Cholecystrokine |
| What factor will shift hbo2 dissociation curve to the right? | The presence of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate |
| What determines the partial pressure o an indiidual gas in a gas mixture? | The volume ration of the gas multiplied by the total pressure of the mixture |
| What provides the driving force for uptake of glucose and amino acids into intestinal epithelial cells? | The transmembrane Na gradient |
| What are interferons? | Proteins produced by virally infected cells to protect uninfected cells. |
| What is NOT considered a lymphoid organ? | Parathyroid gland |
| The major chemical mediators of inflammation are histamine and substances called? | Kinins |
| What hormone is associated with the GI tract? | Motilin |
| What is the major intracellular protein in RBC? | Hemoglobin |
| Which type of WBC releases significant quantities of histamine? | Basophil |
| What structure secretes the gonadotripin LH and FSH? | Adenohyposhysis |
| What disease condition involves an impairment in the synthesis of hemoglobin due to genetic causes? | Beta thalassemia |
| Most abundant plasma solutes? | Na+ |
| What is the chemical law of macroscopic elecroneutrality? | The total concentration of cation equals the total concentration of anion |
| What are conducting fibers of the ventricular mass called? | Purkinjie fibers |
| What causes a heart beat? | A single action potential in each cardiac fiber |
| The initial activation o atrial and ventricular systole describes? | AV delay |
| Increase heart rate and force of contraction and shortens ventricular systole is a result of what input on the heart? | Sympathetic inpute |
| Which layer of the arteries and veins is composed of mainly vascular smooth muscle? | Tunica media |
| The chief function of the epididymis is? | Sperm maturation |
| The primary female reproductive organ is? | Overies |
| The period of pregnancy begins with implantation of an embryo and ends with the process of? | Parutition (labor and delivery) |
| During pregnancy what connects the hepatic circulation of the fetus? | Umbilical vein |
| What is another term for the third stage of labor? | Placental stage |
| Milk production is initiated by an increase in levels of what adenohypophyseal hormone? | Prolactin |
| What is the term for the cessation of ovarian cycling and ovarian secretion that occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of like? | Menopause |
| The organs of the gastrointestinal tract share a our layer organization consisting of the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and what? | Serosa |
| What function is to convert solid food into liquid for easier digestion? | Mastication |
| In the stomach the function of D cells is to? | Secrete somatostatin |
| Which structure secretes the peptide hormones otilin, secretin, and cholecystokinin? | Duodenum |
| What is the function of the digestive enzyme amylase secreted by the pancreas? | Converts starch to oligosaccharides |
| Deglutination begins with the sequential contraction of the three what? | Pharyneal constrictor muscles |
| The absorptive state of metabolism corresponds to the what? | Intestinal phase of digestion |
| The primary event that brings on the postabsorptive state is a decrease in the levels of what? | Insulin |
| What chemoreceptors are located in the medulla and are mainly sensitive to H+? | Central Chemoreceptors |
| During exercise, oxygen uptake increases in proportion to the total__ | Mass of muscle in use |
| Which characteristic of urine is most affected when signiicant amounts of protein, bacteria, and dead urinary tract cells are present? | Turbidity |
| Which structure is the site of entry of the renal artery and the exit of the renal vein? | Hilus |
| What has the effect of maintaining an osmotic gradient within the kidney? | Concentrating mechanism |
| What two effects does the hormone aldosterone have on the kidney? | Increase recovery of Na+ and Increase secretion of K+ |
| In renal functioning about 90% of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed where? | Loop of Henle |
| Two types of drugs that increase the rate of urine production? | Trnsport inhibitors(loop diuretics) and Aldosterone antagonists |
| Acid base homeostasis ordinarily involves a cooperative response of what two systems? | Respiratory and renal |
| The process of meiosis in female gonads is called? | Oogenesis |
| Tubular acidification results in recovery of___ and exretion of ____ and other fixed acids. | Bicarbonate and Ammonium |
| The driving force for blood flow within a single blood vessel is the? | pressure difference between its ends |
| The force that effects fluid movement between plasma and interstital fluid of the capillary blood? | Hydrostatic pressure |
| The lymph drainage from most of the body, exvluding the superior right quadrant reenters the blood circulation by way of what? | Thoracic duct |
| What structures screens for blood-born antigens and removes aged RBC from circulation? | Spleen |
| Process in which a virus binds to a membrane surface protein and stimulates the cell to internalize the membrane containing protein and virus. | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| An immune response where B cells from the clones that recognize determinants of the antigen in question. | Primary |
| Gas exchange takes place where? | Alvioli |
| RDS, chest wall disease, and fibrotic lung disease caused by inhaled air are all examples of what? | Restrictive diseases |
| The O2 carrying capacity of blood is determined by its? | Hemoglobin content |
| General term used for any case in which the number of RBC and content of hemoglobin is deicient? | Anemia |
| What process prevents or minimizes blood loss by plugging injured vessels until healing can occur? | Hemostais |
| The heart is enclosed in a double membrane that outermost layer of which is called the what? | Paricardium |
| What is responsible for transporting blood back to the heart? | Superior and inferior venae cavae |
| The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the? | Pulmonary similunar vale |
| Skeletal and cardic muscle share what characteristics? | They are both Striated |
| Compared to the skeletal muscle fibers the action potential of cardiac contracting fibers are? | Extremely long |
| First electrical event in the heart cycle. | SA nodal fibers reach threshold and generate an action potential |
| The second heart sound is what? | The closure of the pulmonary and aortic vales |
| Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute is called? | Cardiac output |
| What has the effect of keeping venous pessure low and preventing pooling of blood on the venous side of the circulation? | Brainbridge reflex |
| Three major types of blood vessels are? | Arteries, Capillaries and veins |
| The exchange of materials between tissues and blood takes place in what blood vessels? | Caillaries |
| What blood system connects the gastrointestinal tract to the liver? | Hepatic portal system |
| Which large paired vessels carry approximately one forth of cardiac out put? | Renal Arteries |
Created by:
smoore2013
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