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Mammalian Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exocrine Glands | Secrete via Duct onto a surface or in the lumen of an organ producing numerous secretions such as HCL in the Stomach,sweat,milk,tears and digestive enzymes |
| Endocrine Glands | have no secretory duct but release their secreted products are called Hormones directly into the blood stream. (No DUCT) |
| 4 Types Of tissue | Epithelium Muscle Connective Nervous |
| Types of Epithelium | Functions-Movement,Absorbtion,Secretion,Barrier(Protection) -Squamous -Cuboidal -Columnar |
| Squamous Epi | Barrier |
| Cuboidal Epi | Absorbs |
| Columnar Epi | Absorbs and secretes |
| Types of Muscular | (Muscles Contractions) Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
| Skeletal Muscles | Voluntary Movement -More Structured -No intercalated disks -Striated |
| Cardiac Muscles | Unique to heart -Not Voluntary -Striated -Have intercalated disks -Tight Junctions during contraction whole heart pumps -Branched |
| Smooth Muscles | -Involuntary Control -Un-structured -not striated -No intercalated disks -nucleus located in Centre |
| Connective Issue | Provides Support (Also Includes Blood) -Loose -Dense |
| Loose Connective tissue | Present in many organs Function: Holds tissue layers together and provide cushioning -Contains Blood vessels and nerve fibers which provide nutrients and signals E.g Adipose (Fat) Tissue-Fat (adipocytes) Protect vital organs and stores energy. |
| Dense Connective tissue | Tendons, Ligaments, cartilage and bone -Extracellular Matrix-Mechanical Stress -Collagen Fibers -Densely Packed Function is to withstand Mechanical Load |
| Nervous Tissue | -Nervous tissue-Receives, process and transmit nerve impulses which control functions -Glial Cells or Glia |
| Organ System : Circulatory Contains which organs? | Heart, blood vessels, blood |
| Organ System : Respiratory Contains which organs? | Lungs, trachea, bronchi, etc |
| Organ system : Digestive Contains which Organs? | Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas |
| Organ System : Endocrine Contains which organs? | Pituitary,thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, adrenals, etc |
| Organ system : Excretory Contains which organs? | Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
| Organ System : Immune Contains which organs? | Bone Marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells |
| Organ System : Nervous Contains which Organs? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs |
| Organs System : Reproductive Contains which Organs? | Ovaries, Testes |
| Organs System : Skeletal Contains which organs? | Skeleton (Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) |
| Organs System : Muscle Contains Which organs? | Skeletal Muscles |
| Organ System : Integumentary Contains which Organs? | Skin and its derivatives |
| The Cell Cytoskeleton | -Functions as the support of the cell -helps maintain shape Contains -Microtubules -microfilaments -intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules (Protein-Tubulin) | -Tubes of Tent -Train tracks -Maintains shape -Allows Movement of intracellular components - Motility of cilia and flagella |
| Microfilaments (Protein-Actin) | -Muscle of Cells -Comprised of Filaments -involved in maintaining the cell shape cell motility and separation of Daughter cells to complete cell division |
| Intermediate Filaments (Protein-Keratin) | -Thick Cables of tough protein -Help to Anchor -Stable but Flexible -Allows Cells to stretch House Support beams |
| Motor Proteins | -Function as engines to move cargo along the tracks provided by Microtubules and microfilaments(Create trail way line) -Allows intracellular components to move to target site |
| Junctions within cell | Tight Junctions Gap Junction Anchoring Junction (Desmosomes) |
| Tight Junctions | -Stops most molecules from passing through cells -Holds Cells Together -Always at the top of cells |
| Anchoring Junctions (Desmosomes) | -Anchor the cell together -help maintain shape -Form Strong Lattice |
| Gap Junctions | -Allows Communication between two cells-connect cytoplasm's of cells together |
| Paracellular Transport | Between two cells-Around |
| Transcellular Transport | Through Cells |
| Endocrine | Directly into the blood stream |
| Exocrine | Via Ducts into the body cavity |
| Mucosal Epithelia | Contributes to this barrier function |
| Body Fluid Components -(ICF)-Intracellular fluid -(ECF)-Extracellular Fluid | ICF-2 thirds of TBW (Total body Water)is contained in cells -ECF-Comprises the other 1 third Made up of- Plasma-Fluid portion of blood Interstitial Fluid-The fluid between cells Other ECF-Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across permeable membrane -Movement of water always follows salt -Everything will go down it's own conc gradient -Always in reference to outside cell-Hyper, hypo, iso |
| Osmotic | Before anything moves |
| Tonic | After mol move |
| Permeability | Permeable-Can cross membrane e.g-Urea Impermeable-Can not cross membrane |
| Osmolarity | The conc of a soln expressed in the total number of solute particles per litre |
| Solvent | water |
| Solute | Minor salt |
| Intracellular Fluid # of mammals | Approx-0.28-0.3OSM |
| K+ Na+ Inside/Outside? | Na+ is higher on the outside K+ is higher on the inside-Leaky-Sodium/Pos Pump |
| Sodium/Potassium Pump (Chemical Gate) Mechanism prevent cells from swelling since it prevents the accumulation of sodium inside cell ref pg 34 | -Na+ bind -Phosphorylation by ATP is stimulated -Extracel K+ Binds and triggers release of P -Loss of protein Restores to original position allowing K+ to come in through conformational change -K+ released and Na+ sites are receptive again |
| Symport Antiport | co-transport Counter-transport |
| Resting Membrane Potential | Separation of Charge -Electrical Potential Difference -Resting membrane potential- -20 to -200mV -Net Charge of positive flow out of cell -Slight positive outside and slight -ve inside |
| Electrochemical Gradient | -Combination of chemical and electrical gradient -Charge and concentration differs |
| Ion Channels present in the membrane consisting of transmembrane proteins-Some more ion specific | -Leaky Channels-Always open -Gate- |
| Gated Ion Channels | -Electrical Potential- action potential is from the nerve cells -Chemical Agonists and antagonists-e.g-Acetylcholine opens chan that allows K+ P+ and Ca2+ to diffuse-Electrochmical gradient -Mechanical Stimuli-Light & Cell volume changes |
| Plasma | -Made up of mostly water Consists -Clotting Factors -Electrolytes -Buffers -Transports Nutrients-Deliver -Take away waste -Movement of hormones -Plasma Proteins-Clotting -Facilitate in transport |
| Blood cells (2 types) | Red Blood Cells (RBC)- Transport oxygen White Blood Cells (WBC)-Key part of the body's defense against infection |
| Blood Platelets | Fragments of cells that are involved in the clotting process |
| Erythrocytes | Red Blood Cells -Transport O2 and CO2 |
| Leucocytes | White blood Cells |
| Granulocytes | -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils -Monocytes |
| Neutrophils *(Classical Pattern) | -Phagocytose -destroys bacteria |
| Eosinophils | -Destroys larger parasites -modulate allergic inflammatory responses |
| Basophils | Release Histamine in Certain Immune RXN's |
| Monocytes * | -Become Tissue Macrophages which Phagocytose and digest invading microorganisms and foreighn bodies |
| Lymphocytes* (Custom Made for Specific) | -B Lymphocytes -T Lymphocytes -Natural Killer (NK) cells -Platelets |
| B Lymphocytes | Make antibodies |
| T Lymphocytes | -Cytotoxic T-Cells: kill infected & tumor Cells -T-Helper Cells: Regulate Immune Response |
| Natural Killer (NK) Cell | Kill virus-infected cells and some tumor cells |
| Platelets | Initiate blood Clotting |
| 3 Components of Circulatory System | 1)Circulatory Fluid (blood) 2)Tubes (blood Vessels) 3) Pump (heart) |
| Cardiac Cycle | one Cycle of contraction or SYSTOLE (Pumping) and relaxation or DIASTOLE (filling) |
| Systole | Pumping |
| Diastole | Filling |
| Cardiac Output (CO) | Volume of blood pumped out from the left ventricle in one minute V of B in LV/ min |
| Heart Rate (HR) | Rate of contraction (Cardiac output is independent on HR) |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction |
| Formula for Heart CO= | CO=HR x SV |
| 4 Different Valves (Pegingie Fibers) | -Tricuspid (Av Valve)-Right -Bicuspid (Av Valve)-Left -Pulmonary Semi-Lunar Valve -Aortic Semi-lunar Valve |
| Heart Rhythm | 1) Pacemaker Generates wave of signals to contract -SA Node (Sinoatrial) 2) Signals are delayed at AV Node(AtrioVentricular)-Allows for heart to fill 3) Signals pass to heart apex through Bundle Braches 4)Signals spread through Purkinje Fibers |
| Electrocardiogram | Device that can detect electric current form electrodes on the skin |
| Blood Vessel | -Outer layer of Arteries and Veins is made up of connective tissue with elastic fibres -Middle layer contains smooth muscle -Inner layer made of endothelium |
| Blood Control through Capillaries | -Diameter -Sphincters |
| Control of Breathing in Humans | CO2 + H2O-H2CO3 (carbonic Acid)-H+ + HCO3- |
| Stretch Receptors | Prevent the lungs fro over-expanding by a negative feedback mechanism |
| Forms of secretion | -Regulated Secretion -Constitutive Secretion |
| Regulated Secretion | -Cells destined for secretion, stored in secretory vesicles and are released only after the cell receives the app neural or hormonal signal. E.g-Digestive enzymes, Hormone-Secreting endocrine cells & release of neurotransmitter, nerve cells -Ca2+ |
| Constitutive Secretion | Cells Secrete certain proteins which move to the cell surface in transport vesicles but are secreted CONTINOUSLY in non-regulated Fashion e.g Secretion of serum protein by liver Hepatocytes and the secretion of Collagen by Fibroblasts |
| Endocytosis | Purpose: Avoid excessive increase in the surface area of Plasma Membrane -molecules will go into cell by Endocytosis and take a part of the membrane with it to form a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | Secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane during exocytosis and secrete mol into the outer surface of cell |
| Endocrine Cells | Secretion of hormones into the blood e.g-insulin hormone |
| Exocrine Cells | Secretion of digestive enzymes into gut release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings e.g- Salivary Enzymes |
| Importance of Secretory Products (Some Examples) | Gastrointestinal Tract Ref to Pg 70 of Study Quide |
| Paracrine Secretion | -secretion is when mol trigger a response in neibouring cells whereby they diffuse locally |
| Endocrine Secretion | is when the molecules that exit original cell by exocytosis diffuse into the blood stream and are transported to target cells through the blood vessel and are therefore trigger a response in target cell. |
| Exocrine Secretion | Mol are secreted into blood via a duct and transfer to target cell at a distance e.g enzyme in gut-transferred to an external environment |
| Autocrine Secretion | is when the response is triggered within the cell that secreted the molecules |
| Classes of hormones | 1)Protein and Peptide Hormones 2)Amines derived from amino acids 3) Steroid hormones |
| Protein and Peptide Hormones | -Insulin, Representative hormone Includes -Insulin -all hormones released by the Anterior and posterior Pituitary -Some are Glycoproteins -FSH -LH |
| Amines derived from Amino Acids | -Catecholamines are derived from tyrosine and secreted by Adrenal Medulla e.g 1) Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (nonrepinephrine) 2)Thyroxine- Thyroid Gland derived from Tyrosine 3)Melatonin- pineal gland is synthesized from tryptophan |
| Steroid hormones | -hormones are lipids which are derived from cholesterol and include sex steroids secreted by gonads(e.g. androgens, estrogens,progestins) -Corticosteroids secreted by adrenal gland |
| Hypothalamus | Hormones released from Anterior and posterior pituitary |
| Posterior-Pituitary Gland | -Release neuro-hormones made in Hypothalamus |
| Posterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: Oxytocin | -peptide -stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary -Regulated: Nervous System |
| Posterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (ADH) Antidiuretic | -Peptide -Promotes retention of water by kidneys -Regulated: Water/salt balance |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (GH) Growth | -Protein -Stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabolic functions -Regulated by Hypothalamic hormone |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (PRL)Prolactin | -Protein -Stimulates milk production and secretion -Regulated:Hypothalamic hormone |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone | -Glycoprotein -Stimulates production of ova and sperm -Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (LH) Luteinizing Hormone | -Glycoprotein -Stimulates ovaries and testes -Regulated by Hypothalamic hormones |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (TSH)Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone | -Glycoprotein -Stimulates thyroid gland -Regulated by Thyroxine in blood, hypothalamic hormone |
| Anterior-Pituitary Gland Hormone: (ACTH)Adrenocorticitropic Hormone | -Peptide -Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids -Regulated by Glucocorticoids, hypothalamic Hormone |
| Thyroid Gland | Hormones Secreted by TG: -Triiodothyronine (T3) -Thyroxine (T4) -Calcitonin |
| Thyroid Gland Hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) | -Amine -Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes -Regulated by TSH |
| Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin | -Peptide -Lowers blood calcium level -Regulated by calcium in blood |
| Parathyroid Gland | -Secretes Parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Parathyroid Gland Hormone Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | -Peptide -Raises blood calcium levels -Regulated by calcium in blood |
| Pancreas | Secretes: -Insulin -Glucagon |
| Pancreas Hormone: Insulin | -Protein -Lowers blood glucose levels -Regulated by Glucose in blood |
| Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon | -Protein -Raises blood glucose levels -Regulated by glucose in blood |
| Adrenal Glands -Adrenal Medulla -Adrenal Cortex | Hormones Secreted -Epinephrine & norepinephrine -Glucocorticoids & Mineralocorticoids |
| Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla Hormones: Epinephrine & norepinephrine | -Amine -Raise Blood glucose levels; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels -Regulated by Nervous System |
| Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex Hormones 1: Glucocorticoids | -Steroid -Raise blood Glucose levels -Regulated by ACTH |
| Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex Hormones 2: Mineralocorticoids | -Steroid -Promotes reabsorbtion of Na+ and excretion of K+ in Kidneys -Regulated by K+ in blood |
| Gonads | -Testes -Ovaries |
| Gonads -Testes Hormone: Androgens | -Steroid -Support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics -Regulated by FSH and LH |
| Gonads -Ovaries Hormone 1: Estrogens | -Steroid -Support uterine lining growth; promotes development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics -Regulates by FSH and LH |
| Gonads -Ovaries Hormone 2: Progesterone | -Steroid -Promotes uterine lining growth -Regulated by FSH and LH |
| Pineal Gland | Secretes Hormone -Melatonin |
| Pineal Gland Hormone: Melatonin | -Amine -Involved in biological Rhythms -Regulated by light/ dark cycles |
| Positive Feedback | -Neurohormone pathway that regulates the release of milk by a nursing mother is an example of positive feedback -Contraction in birth |
| Negative Feedback | Acts to reduce the change |
| Regulation of plasma glucose levels Maintaining Homeostasis Process 1 | Process: Stimulus-Rising blood Glucose lev (After Eating) -Bete cells of Pancreas are stimulated to release insulin into blood -Body cells take up glucose and Liver takes glucose and stores it as Glycogen. -Blood Glucose Lev decline to set point |
| Regulation of plasma glucose levels Maintaining Homeostasis Process 2 | Process: Stimulus-Dropping blood glucose lev (after skipping meal) -Alpha cells of Pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon into the blood -Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into blood -Blood Glucose lev rises to set point |
| Steroid Hormones | -Inside cell receptors -Cytoplasm or nucleus -For example testosterone is lipid soluble and passes through P.M and attaches to intracellular receptors -Usually Transcription will occur to produce further proteins |
| Peptide Hormones | -Extracellular receptors attached to the P.M 1) Reception- A signal molecule will bind to receptor 2)Transduction-Relay mol in a signal transduction pathway 3)Response-Activation of Cellular response-Inside cell |
| Nervous Systems | CNS-Central Nervous system PNS-Peripheral Nervous System (Motor) |
| CNS-Central Nervous system | -Brain and Spinal Cord |
| PNS-Peripheral Nervous System (Motor) | Cranial Nerve, Ganglia Outside CNS, Spinal Nerves -Sympathetic (Flight and fight) -Parasympathetic (Rest and Respond) |
| Sympathetic (Flight and fight) | -Dilate pupil of eye* -I salivary gland secretion -Relax Bronchi in lungs -Acc heart* -I activity of stomach and intestines - I pancreas -Sti glucose release from liver,In gall bladder,Sti Adrenal medulla* -I emp bladder,Prom contr of genitals |
| -Parasympathetic (Rest and Respond) | -Constr Pupil -Sti Salivary Gland Secretion -Contricts brochi of lungs -Slows heart -Sti Activ of stomach and intestines -Sti Gallbladder -Promt emptying bladder -Prom erection of genitalia |
| Autonomic Neural Pathway | -Two neurons in the efferent Pathway (Going out) -1st-Preganglionic Neuron-exits the spinal cord and synapses at a ganglion -From Ganglion, the 2nd Neuron-The Postganglionic Neuron travels to the effector |
| Coordination of different Systems -Hypothalamus signaling to the Autonomic nervous system | -Causes Peripheral Vasoconstriction (To reduce heat loss) at same time-Somatic nervous system causes shivering (to increase heat production of muscles) |
| Nervous System 2 Components | -Sensory input (stimuli) -Motor Output (Response) |
| Neuron Structure | -Dendrites receive information -Axon Hillock (Base) -Presynaptic Cell -Axon -Myelin Sheath -Prod by Shwann Cells -Interrupted by Nodes of Ranvier -Synaptic terminals -Synapse -Postsynaptic Cell |
| Spinal Cord | -Communication between brain and body -Comm between part of spinal cord -Integration for reflexes Arrangement of Grey and white matter are opposite to Brain -Central is grey Matter -Peripheral white matter (Myelinated Axon) |
| Reflexes | Are nervous responses that do not involve conscious decision-Brain not involved -Pathway of neurons involved is called Reflex Arch -Receptor -Afferent Neuron -Synapse -Efferent Neuron -Effector Organ |
| Reflex Process | A hammer hits knee & Sensory stretch Receptors are trig & sends a impulse down sensory neuron and enters cell body of sensory neuron in dorsal root ganglion, runs thro interneurons (Synapse)(In S.Cord).Runs IT Motor Neuro-Causes Flexor mus Ham 2 Relax VV |
| Homeostasis (Short Term) | Keeping a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment |
| Homeorhesis (Long Term) | co-ordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state for example-Pregnancy, lactation and growth |
Created by:
Melissa Jones
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