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Geomorphology
Karst
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Terra Rossa | a red clayey soil found mantling the ground surface and extending into joints or fractures resulting from surface or near surface solution, usually found on moderate to gentle slopes |
| Lapies | grooved or fluted surface resulting from the solution of limestone at or near the surface in an area of high relief. The grooves range in width from a few mm to >m in width an commonly result in knife-like ridges. |
| Doline | a sinkhole caused by solution of the rock beneath the soil |
| Sinkhole ponds or karst lakes | a pond or lake resulting from the clogging by clay of a doline sinkhole that perches water above the water table |
| swallow holes | a hole in the bottom of a sinkhole which allows surface water runoff or streams to flow into the subsurface cavities. |
| karst window | a hole in the ground in which one can observe an underground stream flowing from one cavern into another. |
| Uvala | an elongated karst window that has occurred by the collapse of an extensive portion of a subsurface waterway. these features can extend from 1000 ft to more than a mile. |
| Polje | a sinkhole formed by solutional modification of the rock (similar to a doline) in a previously faulted or folded structure. This feature can be up to 30 mi or more in length. |
| solution-subsidence trough | a non-tectonic feature, up to 10 miles in length, resulting from concurrent subsidence and solution along joints or faults |
| sinkhole or karst plain | a limestone plain exhibiting sieve-like characteristics resulting from numerous sinkholes intercepting any surface waters and diverting them to subsurface channels. |
| sinking creeks | any surface creek or stream which disappears underground in karst terrain; many disappear in a swallow hole. |
| sink | the point at which sinking creeks end, often in an observable swallow hole. |
| blind valley | a valley that ends at a swallow hole due to a prolonged period of upstream erosion above the sinkhole. |
| solution valley or karst valley | a transitional feature between surface an subsurface drainage in an area of clastic rocks. A special type of blind valley. |
| Natural tunnels and brdiges | features produced by the underground flow of water in karst terrain. When the tunnel sections collapse leaving only small segments, bridges are formed. |
| Hum | isolated hill remnants due to erosion by solution in karst terrain. |
| Cavern | large caves that may extend in any direction, have on or several levels, and are created by solution of limestone along joints and bedding planes. |
| Travertine | a deposit of calcium carbonate precipitate that can be found in limestone caverns coating the cavern walls, floors, and ceilings. |
| Dripstone | the travertine deposits that result from the calcium carbonate-rich water dripping from the ceiling of a cave or cavern. Stalactites are the downward protrusion of these deposits and stalagmites are the upwards protrusions. |
| Helictite | an irregular twiglike deposit forms in a cavern where there is not enough water to form drips but the surface remains damp or the water comes from a tiny hole or tube within the deposit and the water flows out the end. |
| the four most important U.S. karst regions | 1)central Florida, 2) Salem-Springfield plateau area in southwestern Missouri, 3) NW-SE belt from south-central Indiana into west-central Kentucky, 4) the Great Valley region of Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania |
| Four conditions for karst terrain development | 1) a soluble rock, preferably limestone, at or near the surface; 2) A dense, highly jointed, thin-bedded rock; 3) valleys underlain by well-jointed and soluble rock; 4) region of moderate to abundant rainfall. |
Created by:
crhatigan
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