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Biology Chapter 14
Mendel and The Gene
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gregor Mendel | Mendel was a Monk, Gardener, and Mathematician |
| Character | Inheritable feature or trait that varies among individuals. EX: flower color, plant height, seed color |
| Trait | Each variant or alternate form for a character. EX: purple vs. white flower color |
| True Breed(Pure Breed) | Results from many generations of self-pollination(fertilization) |
| Hybrid | Results from cross-pollination(fertilization) of two true-breeding parents(hybridization) |
| Crossing | The mating(breeding) between two organisms |
| P Generation(Parental Generation) | True breeding parents in a cross |
| F1 Generation(Filial 1 Generation) | Hybrid offspring of the cross-pollination |
| F2 Generation | Produced from the F1 generation offspring self-pollination |
| Alleles | Alternate versions of genes for each character |
| Principle of Dominance | If two alleles at the same locus differ, then one, the dominant allele determines the organism's appearance, the other, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organisms appearance |
| Dominant Allele | Will mask of cover up the expression of the recessive allele |
| Recessive Allele | Its expression is covered up of masked by the presence of a dominant allele |
| Homozygous | Having a pair of identical alleles for a character. Ex: PP of pp |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a character. Ex: Pp |
| Phenotype | An organisms outward expression, observable traits. Organisms appearance. Ex: Purple or White flower |
| Genotype | Type of allele combination. Its genetic makeup(which alleles it has). Ex: PP, Pp, pp |
| Punnett Squares | A diagrammatic device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup |
| Probability Laws | Multiplication rule and addition rule |
| Mendel's Monohybrid Cross | Produces hybrids(monohybrids) that are heterozygous for one character |
| ****Results: Law(Principle) of Segregation | Alleles in a pair will segregate into separate gametes. Two alleles for a heritable character segregate(separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
| Mendel's Dihybrid Cross | Produces hybrids(dihybrids) that are heterozygous for two characters |
| ****Results: Law of Independent Assortment | Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. The allele pairs must be located on non-homologous chromosomes or be located very far apart on the same chromosome. Each pair of alleles(Pp) will indepen |
| Incomplete Dominance | Neither allele is dominant. They both express. Blend together as 1 phenotype. Ex: flower color in snapdragons(Red x White = Pink) |
| Codominance | Neither allele is dominant. They both express. NO blending together as 1 phenotype. Ex: In cow colors(Red x White = Red and White in making Roan colored cows), A and B blood alleles |
| Multiple Alleles | Having more than two alleles which can pair for a single trait. Es: A and B and O blood alleles |
| Pleiotrophy(Not covered) | A single pair of alleles will determine many different phenotypic displays. Ex: sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis |
| Epistasis(Not covered) | The phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus |
| Polygenic(many alleles) Inheritance | Additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype character - many allele pairs code for the expression of a single trait. Ex: Human skin color, height, intelligence, etc. |
| Nature vs. Nurture: Multifactoral Basis of Characters | Many factors, both genetic and environmental collectively influence phenotype. Ex: twin studies |
| Pedigree | A genetic family tree |
| Recessive Inherited Disorders: Carrier | Heterozygous individuals which can pass a recessive allele to their offsrping. AA - normal(not diseased), Aa - Carrier(not diseased), aa - disease. Ex: sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, PKU(pheenylketonuria), Tay-Sach's Disease |
| Dominant Inherited Disorders | AA - Diseased, Aa - Diseased, aa - Normal. Ex: Dwarfism, Huntington's Disease |
| Test Cross | The crossing of an unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote. Can reveal the genotype of that unknown organism. |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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