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A&PII, Chapter 18
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define hormone: | a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates activities in other parts of the body. |
| What is the function of the endocrine gland? | secrete their products into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells. |
| The endocrine glands consist of 5 glands what are they? | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal gland. |
| What is hormone activity? | Receptors: chemical binding sites, specific for each type of hormone. |
| In hormone activity what is down-regulation? | when the number of target-cell receptors my decrease due to a excess of a particular type of hormone is present. |
| In hormone activity what is up-regulation? | when a number of target-cell receptors die to a lack of available hormone. |
| What is circulating hormones? | most endocrine hormones are circulating hormones; hormones are circulating in the blood. (they are active for minutes or hours) |
| What is local hormones? | act locally on neighboring cells and on the organ secreted from without entering bloodstream. |
| What is paracrines? | local hormones that act on neighboring cells. |
| What is autocrines? | local hormones that act on the organ that secreted the hormone. |
| In chemical classes of hormones what compounds consist in lipid-soluble? | steroid: derived from cholesterol thyroid: iodine, T3 and T4; nitric oxide: both a hormone and neurotransmitter. |
| In chemical classes of hormones what compounds consist in water-soluble? | amines: histamine, epinephrine,norepinephrine, dopamine peptides: anti-diuretic and oxytocin; proteins: human growth hormones (hGH)and insulin eicosanoids: prostaglandins and leukotrienes. |
| How hormone transport in the blood? | water-soluble: circulate in blood plasma = "free" form; lipid-soluble: bind to transport proteins. |
| What is hormones interactions? | the cell's responsiveness to a hormone depends on three factors: hormone's concentration, abundance of the cell's target receptors, and influences exerted by other hormones. |
| What is permissive effect? | a hormone's effectiveness depends on simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone. |
| What is synergistic effect? | two hormones working together to increase an effect. |
| What is antagonistic effect? | two hormones working against each other. |
| Hormone secretion is regulated by? | 1) signals from the nervous system 2) chemical changes in the blood 3) other hormones |
| The pituitary gland AKA hypophysis was called? | "The master endocrine gland" it secretes several hormones that control other endocrine glands. |
| The pituitary gland has two structurally and functionally separate portions what are they called? | anterior lobe AKA adenophypophysis and posterior lobe AKA neurohypophysis |
| Release of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by? | releasing hormones and suppressed by inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. |
| What are the types of anterior pituitary cells? | 1) somatotrophs: secrete human growth hormone (hGH) 2) thyrotrophs: secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 3) lactotrophs: secrete prolactin: stimulates milk production in mammary glands 4) corticotrophs: secret adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) |
| What are the hGH effects? | 1) cause cells to grow and mulitply 2) enhance lypolysis in adipose tissue 3) influence carbohydrate metabolism 4) blood glucose level regulation |
| What is hypoglycemia? | abnormally low [blood glucose] |
| What is hyperglycemia? | abnormally hight [blood glucose]: symptoms of excess hGH |
| What is diabetogenic effect? | persistent hyperglycemia stimulates pancreas to secrete insulin continually |
| What do TSH do? | stimulates, synthesis and secretion of the two thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) by thyroid gland. |
| what do not synthesize hormones, but does store and release two hormones oxytocin and antidiurectic? | Posterior lobe AKA neurohypophysis |
| What do antidiurectic hormone (ADH) do? | it decreases urine production by causing kidneys to return more water to the blood (alcohol: inhibits secretion of ADH) and decreases water lost through sweating, increases blood pressure |
| What is the only endocrine gland that stores larger quantities of it's hormone? | Thyroid gland |
| What is the anatomy of thyroid gland? | 1) thyroid follicle make up most of the gland and is activated by TSH. 2) produce thyroxine T4 (four iodine atoms) and T3 (three iodine atoms) 3) parafollicular or C cells lie between the follicles; produce calcitonin,which helps regulate calcium homeo. |
| What are the actions of thyroid hormones? | 1) increase basal metabolism rate 2) stimulate synthesis of sodium-potassium pumps (calorigenic effect and maintenance of normal body temperature) 3) increase lipoysis 4) hyperthyroidism 5) accelerate body growth |
| In fetal development what is one of the causes of severe mental retardation and stunted bone growth? | thyroid hormone deficiency |
| What controls the thyroid gland secretion? | thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary stimulate synthesis and release of thyroid hormones. |
| What is calcitonin? | parafollicular cells produce calcitonin, that can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the actions of osteoclasts. |
| What is prescibed to treat osteoporosis? | Miacalin: it's a calcitonin extract derived from salmon and its 10 times more potent that human calcitonin. |
| What is partially embedded in the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid glands are severally small, round masses of tissue are called? | parathyroid glands |
| What hormone is the major regulator of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels in blood? | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| What is the specific actions of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) | it increases the number of action of osteoclasts (elevates bone resportion) and promotes formation of calcitrol (active form of vitamin D) in kidneys. |
| What is considered the suprarenal glands? | adrenal glands: its superior to each kidneys. |
| What is adreanal cortex? | it makes up 80-90% of the adrenal gland and it produces steroid hormones aka adrenocortical hormones (ACH) |
| The adrenal cortex is subdivided into 3 zones what are they? | zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. |
| what is zona glomerulosa? | its the outer zone, it produce mineralcorticoids: affect mineral homeostasis, |
| what is aldosterone? | it is the major minerlcorticoid, it regulates Na+ and K+, helps adjust BP and BV, promotes excretion of H+ in urine: help prevent acidois |
| what controls the secretions of aldosterone? | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) pathway |
| what is zona fasciculata? | the middle zone: widest zone, it produce glucocorticoids which regulate metabolism and resistance to stress. |
| what is cortisol (hydrocortisone) | its a hormone that is the most abundant and account for about 95% of glucocorticoid activity. |
| Glucocorticoids have what type of effects? | 1) protein breakdown 2) glucose formation 3) lipolysis 4) anti-inflammatory effects 5) depression of immune responses |
| what is secreted when low blood level of glucocorticoids stimulate the hypothalamus? | corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
| what is zona reticularis? | its the inner zone that synthesis small amounts of androgens. |
| important facts about androgens are? | 1) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): major androgen secreted by adrenal cortex. 2) testosterone: little is secreted by adrenal cortex. 3) estrogen: promote libido. 4) stimulate growth of hair in axillary and pubic, contribute to prepubertal growth spurts. |
| what is call the inner adrenal gland? | adrenal medulla |
| what is chromaffin cells? | it produce hormones that are not essential for life. |
| what are the 2 major hormones synthesized by the adrenal medulla? | epinephrine and norepinephrine it contribute to the flight or fight response. |
| what is pancreas? | both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland, located in the curve of the duodenum. |
| 4 cell types in the pancreatic islets are? | 1) alpha cells: secrete glucagon (increase blood glucose level when it falls and direct stimulation of insulin release. 2) beta cells: secrete insulin. 3) delta cells: secrete somatostatin. 4) F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide. |
| what helps the body continue fighting a stressor long after the fight-or-flight response dissipates? | Resistance reaction. |
| what is the definition of exhaustion? | when resources of the body become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage. |
| What is cushing's syndrome? | its a adrenal gland disorder: a hyper secretion of cortisol. |
| what are the possible causes of cushing's syndrome? | adrenal gland tumor or other tumor secreting ACTH=>increased cortisol secretion. |
| what are signs and symptoms of cushing's syndrome? | moon face, "buffalo hump" on the back, pendulous abdomen, easily bruised, poor wound healing, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weakness, HTN, susceptibility to infection and mood swings. |
| what is diabetes mellitus (DM)? | its a pancreatic islet disorder: type I insulin-dependent, type II non-insulin-dependent (used to be called "adult onset" |
| what kind of steroid hormones ovaries secrete? | sestrogen and progesterone. |
| the ovaries and testes can produce what kind of protein hormone? | inhibin: inhibits secrete FSH |
| what gland promotes the maturation of T-cells? | thymus gland |
| what endocrine tissue is virtually found in all body cells except RBC's and act as a local hormones in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli? | eicosanoids |
| what are the two families of eicosanoid molecules? | 1) prostaglandins (PG): constricts blood vessels, platelet activation, and alter immune responses. 2) Leukotrienes (LT): stimulate chemotaxis (attraction to a chemical stimulus) of WBCs, mediate inflammation, inflammatory response and intensify pain. |
| what are 4 stress reponse? | Eustress: good stress that prep for challenges Distress: harmful Stressors: any stimulus that produce stress Fight or flight response. |
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