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phylums/sub/classes
bio 2 exam 3 allman
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the organisms of phylum Enchinodermata | sea stars/brittle stars/urchins/sea cucumbers |
| characteristics of phylum Enchinodermata | very slow moving or sessile |
| synaphomorphies of phylum Enchinodermata | endoskeleton made of calcareous plates, secondary, penta-radial symmetry(bilateral symmetry as larvae), specialized water vascular system to pump water into body |
| example of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Asteroidea | sea stars |
| characteristics of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Asteroidea | endoskeleton plates loosely fused together to allow flexibility, tube feet on each arm(locomotion), digestive organs & gonads located in arms, stomach in central disk |
| what are the tube feet on sea stars used for | locomotion |
| describe the water vascular system in sea stars | 1) madreporite 2) stone canal 3) distributed with radial canal 4) each radial canal leads into ampillae |
| what does the madreporite do | filter that allows water into the water vascular system |
| what does the stone canal do | transports water from madreporite to ring canal (around central disk) |
| what does the radial canal do | distributes water to each of the 5 arms |
| what does ampillae do | pushes water out of the tube feet |
| example of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Ophiroidea | brittle stars |
| characteristics of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Ophiroidea | more defined central disk, digestive glands/gonads in central disk, tube feed projections, slender distinctive arms, crawl with arms |
| how are the tube feet in sea stars and brittle stars different | are used for locomotion in sea stars and in brittle stars they lack suckers b/c they are used for chemo sensory and NOT locomotion |
| example of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Holothuroidea | sea cucumbers |
| characteristics of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Holothuroidea | soft bodies (skeleton embedded in body wall), elongated body lacking arms, 5 or more longitudinal rows of tube feet, tentacles around mouth are modified tube feet |
| example of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Enchinoidea | sea urchins/sand dollars (key hole urchin) |
| characteristics of Phylum Enchinodermata: Class Enchinoidea | calcareous plates fused to form rigid skeleton, MAY have spines for protection, tube feet from 5 symmetrically placed rows along body for locomotion |
| what is important to not about Chordata | was first a clade but now is referred to as a phylum |
| 4 characteristics of Chordata | notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post anal tail, pharyngeal slits |
| what is important to note about the characteristics of Chordata | they are not necessarily present in adult forms but are ALWAYS found in some parts of the organisms life |
| describe the notochord | longitudinal & flexible rod located between digestive tube and nerve cord, composed of fibrous tissue to provide support throughout length of body, NOT the vertebral column of animals |
| describe the dorsal hollow nerve cord | develops from ECTODERM germ line that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord, develops into BRAIN & SPINAL CORD |
| what is learned from previously studied animals and the dorsal hollow nerve cord | nerve cord is solid and typically located ventrally |
| describe pharyngeal slits | region posterior to mouth is the pharynx, embryos, develops into gills or lungs or ear structure, allows water to pass through the mouth and exit w/out going through digestive tract(fish) |
| for many chordates, what does the pharyngeal slits become | develops into slits that open to the outside of the body; gills (fish/frogs), lungs and ear structure (humans) |
| what are the pharyngeal slits in aquatic vertebrates | gill slits used for gas exchance |
| what are the pharyngeal slits in terrestrial vertebrates | develop into parts of the ear |
| what do pharyngeal slit pouches become | 1st become the jaw, 5th or 7th becomes the pathway to lungs, 3rd forms inner ear |
| describe the post anal tail | extends posterior to the anus, is lost in embryonic development in most species, muscular in structure |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Cephalochordata | lancelets |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Cephalochordata | blade-like bodies that exhibit ALL 4 chordate characteristics as an adult (looks like an old razor blade) |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata | tunicates/ sea squirts |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Subphylum Urochordata | sessile marine animals (as adults), larvae are free swimming and contain ALL 4 chordate characteristics, adult DOES NOT have a notochord, post anal tail, or nerve cord |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates | chordates with a true head, head region with a skull containing a brain, eyes, and other sensory organs |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Urocordata: Class Myxini | hagfish |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Urochordata: Class Myxini | lack jaws and vertebrae, notochord provides structure, ALL 4 chordate characteristics, slime glands, mainly freshwater but some are marine |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata | have a true head region and complete vertebral column, well-developed sensory system and an extensive skull that functions to protect head |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Petromyzontida | lampreys |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Petromyzontida | oldest lineage of extant vertebrates (jawless fish), fresh/marine parasites, feed=clamping onto fish, tongue to penetrate skin, all larvae in freshwater & resemble lancelet, cartilaginous skeleton w/ plates extending from notochord(resemble vertebrae) |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Chondricthyes | sharks/skates/rays |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Chondricthyes | cartilaginous fishes, no ossification(bone), jaws w/ teeth that originated from ectoderm, dermal denticles: homologous to teeth, internal fertilization: lay eggs(oviparous) or live birth(viviparous), negatively buoyant so the must swim or sink |
| what is important to note about Chondricthyes when on bottom | when resting on bottom of ocean they use their jaw muscles to pump water over their gills for gas exchange |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Actinopterygii | tilipia/bass/catfsh/grouper/etc... |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Actinopterygii | ray-finned fish, fin supported by long flexible spines, gill links to circulatory system and protected by operculum, swim bladder for buoyancy control |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Sarcopterygii | ONLY 4 species; coelacanth, lungfish |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Sarcopterygii | lobe-finned fish, fins supported w/ rod-shaped bones surrounded by thick layer of muscles(humerus,radius,ulna(arm bones)), early species in shallow, brackish water w/ thick vegetation, fins can move b/c of muscle, can crawl or more vegetation out of way |
| what is important about the bones present in Sarcopterygii | important evolutionary step gave rise to tetrapods |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Lissamphibia | frogs/salamanders/caecilians |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Lissamphibia | represented 1st group of tetrapods to begin colonizing land but still connected to water, have double life that includes an aquatic stage (larval tadpole) and terrestrial adult stage |
| why is class Lissamphibia connected to water | no eggs w/ shell, breath through skin (cutaneous respiration), breeding (eggs are aquatic), feeding (may feed on aquatic insects |
| characteristics of tetrapods | Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) with limbs |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia | snakes/lizards/turtles/crocs/dinosuars |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Reptilia | ECTOTHERMIC, presence of scales for protection, all groups have a high diversity, loss of dependence on water b/c they have lungs and an amniotic egg |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Aves | birds |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Aves | adaptations to flight, bones are "honey comb" making them lightweight, toothless w/ beak, forelimbs=wings developed from scales(controlled by large pectoral muscles(keen)), ENDOTHERMIC, efficient respiratory/circulatory systems (tissue w/ O2&nutrients) |
| example of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Mammalia | mammals |
| characteristics of Phylum Chordata: Clade Craniates: Subphylum Vertebrata: Class Mammalia | evolved from line of reptiles that survived K-T extinction, mammary glands to produce milk, hair and layer of fat under skin to retain body heat |
| what are the groups of mammals | monotremes, marsupials, placentals |
| what are monotreme mammals | egg layers, have characteristics of reptiles, birds, mammals |
| example of monotreme mammals | duck-billed platypus |
| what are marsupial mammals | early live birth before complete development |
| example of marsupial mammals | opossums/kangaroos |
| what are placental mammals | embryo joined to mother by placenta, long parental care |
| example of placental mammals | humans |
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KAzetapi
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