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Biology Chapter 16
DNA - Molecular Gennetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What Are Genes Made Up Of | DNA |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. Most nucleic acids are found in the nucleus |
| Macromolecules | 1. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acids.. 2. RNA - Ribonucleic Acids.. Both of these are genetic molecules |
| Polymers | Made up of many monomers |
| Polynucleotides | DNA and RNA |
| Monomers of DNA and RNA | Nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | Have 3 parts... 1. Nitrogenous Base.. 2. Pentose Sugar.. 3. Phosphate Group |
| Nitrogenous Base | Ringed... A. Purines: Double ringed.. 1. Adenine(A).. 2. Guanine(G).. B. Pyrimidines.. 1. Thymine(T, only in DNA).. 2. Cytosine(S).. 3. Uracil(U, only in RNA) |
| Pentose Sugar | 5 carbon sugar... A. Deoxyribose(DNA sugar, 1 less oxygen(O) atom than ribose).. B. Ribose(RNA sugar) |
| Phosphate Group | Is a functional group. Gives DNA and RNA the acid(A) part of name. Gives DNA and RNA negative charge |
| Watson and Crick Model for DNA | Double - Helix. Double stranded spiral. Antiparallel(5'--->3', 3'<---5'). "twisted ladder" |
| DNA Measurement | DNA is measured in Base Pairs(bp). Humans have 6 billion basepairs in all our DNA |
| Principle of Base Pairing | A purine will always hydrogen bond and be opposite a pyrimidine in the "rungs" of the DNA ladder. ***Most specifically: A---T, G---C. Complementary Base Pairing |
| Chargaff's Rule | The concentration of A = T, the concentration of G = C, therefore A + C = T + G |
| Requirements of a Genetic Molecule - DNA | 1. Must be able to carry vast amounts of genetic information.. 2. Must be able to replicate.. 3. Must be able to be decoded(translated).. 4. Must be able to mutate |
| Semi-Conservative Replication | Occurs prior to cell division and in the S phase of the cell cycle. The DNA will replicate and produce two sister chromatids |
| DNA Template | Each strand of the DNA molecule serves as a template(pattern) to build a new strand from |
| Enzymes/Proteins Involved in DNA Replication | 1. Helicase.. 2. Topoisomerase.. 3. DNA Polymerase III.. 4. DNA Polymerase I.. 5. DNA Ligase.. 6. RNA Primase.. 7. Single-Strand Binding Proteins |
| Helicase | Unwinds and separates the parental DNA strands and breaks H-bonds |
| Topoisomerase | "DNA grease". Relieves the tension at replication forks. Breaks, swivels, and rejoins the parental DNA ahead of the replication fork, relieving the strain caused by unwinding |
| DNA Polymerase III | Catalyze the synthesis of new DNA following existing template. Always makes new DNA in 5'--->3' direction; adds new nucleotides to 3rd free carbon on the sugar. ***Can only add nucleotides to the free 3' end of the pre-existing primer chain |
| DNA Polymerase I | Will remove the primer and replaces them with DNA. Removes the RNA Primer and substitutes DNA nucleotides in their place, after DNA Polymerase III has synthesized its DNA |
| DNA Ligase | "DNA Glue", Connects all synthesized pieces of DNA |
| RNA Primase | Synthesizes a RNA Primer(beginning place), using the parental DNA as a template. The RNA primer is only about 5-10 nucleotides long |
| Single-Stranded Binding Proteins | "Keeps the two sides apart". Stabilizes the unwound parental strands to prevent them from coming back together during replication |
| Origin of Replication | Where replication begins - short stretches of DNA having specific sequences |
| Replication Bubble | Created when the hydrogen bonds between the paired bases break(by helicase) and the two strands of the DNA are being unwound |
| Replication Fork | Found at each end of he replication bubble, Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound |
| Leading Strand | Synthesized as one long, continuous section in the 5'----->3' direction from one primer. Overall direction is the same, 5'---->3'. The direction of synthesis is the same as the overall direction |
| Lagging Strand | Synthesized in short, discontinuous sections in the 5'----->3' direction called Okazaki Fragments. Overall direction of Synthesis is 3'----->5' |
| Product Produuced | Two double stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of half-old(original) and half-new material. One of the strands is original, the other is new. Semi - Conservative |
| Proofreading | During synthesis, DNA Polymerase, review the synthesized strands and corrects mismatched nucleotide pairs or missing nucleotides(deletions)/ extra nucleotides(insertions) |
| Mismatched Repair | Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted in replication errors that DNA Polymerase and DNA Ligases |
| Mutation | Permanent changes in the base pair sequence |
| Nucleotide Excision Repair | Segment of damaged DNA is cut out(excised) by a DNA - Cutting Enzyme - Nuclease. The gap is then filled in with DNA polymerases and DNA Ligases |
| Telomeres | Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes - postpone the erosion of the genes that are at the ends of the chromosomes |
| Telomerase | "Restore DNA length". Found only in Zygotes. Gives the zygote maximum length. Enzymes that function in cells to restore the chromsome length, which compensates for the shortening that happens in the parent cells that created it. |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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