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An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape.
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Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.
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Chapter 5 key terms
MZC1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape. | aversive stimulus |
| Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior. | behavioral learning theories |
| The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response is a(n) ___________. | classical conditioning |
| Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive principles for changing one's own behavior by means of self-talk and self-instruction. | cognitive behavior modification |
| Explanations of learning that focus on mental processes. | cognitive learning theories |
| A previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus is a(n) __________. | conditioned stimulus |
| Pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviors and affect the frequency of future behaviors. | consequences |
| Signals as to which behavior(s) will be reinforced or punished. | cues |
| Perception of and response to differences in stimuli. | discrimination |
| Premack Priciple also called ____________ | "Grandma's Rule" |
| What are the 4 phases of observational learning? | 1. Attentional phase 2. Retention phase 3. Reproduction 4. Motivational phase |
| Examples of 10 reinforcements: | 1. Self-reinforcement 2. Praise 3. Attention 4. Grades and recognition 5. Call home 6. Home-based reinforcement 7. Privileges 8. Activity reinforcers 9. Tangible reinforcers 10. Food |
| When a teacher holds her hand up to get students' attention it is cueing, a(n) _____________ that informs students which behaviors will be reinforced. | antecedent stimulus |
| Events that precede behaviors. | antecedent stimulus |
| The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn. | extinction |
| The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction. | extinction burst |
| Praise or reward given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not do otherwise. | extrinsic reinforcers |
| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time. | fixed-interval (FI) schedule |
| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors. | fixed-ratio (FR) schedule |
| Carryover of behaviors, skills, or concepts from one setting or task to another. | generalization |
| Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward. | intrinsic reinforcers |
| A change in an individual that results from experience. | learning |
| What does vicarious learning mean? | learning from observing or hearing about another's experiences |
| Continuation (of behavior). | maintenance |
| Imitation of others' behavior. | modeling |
| What is it called when a teacher says "If you get an A on tomorrow's test, you won't have to do homework the rest of the week"? | negative reinforcement |
| Release from an unpleasant situation, given to strengthen behavior. | negative reinforcer |
| Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response is a(n) _____________. | neutral stimuli |
| Behavioral learning theories apply best to ___________ (rather than thinking for example). | observable behavior |
| Learning by observation and imitation of others. | observational learning |
| What is it called when a teacher reinforces a student who raises her hand to speak? | operant conditioning |
| The use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior is a(n) _________. | operant conditioning |
| Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior. | positive reinforcer |
| Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities. | Premack Principle |
| An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again. | presentation punishment |
| Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need. | primary reinforcer |
| Unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior. | punishment |
| A pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior. | reinforcer |
| Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that may be reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur. | removal punishment |
| Procedure of charging misbehaving students against their free time or other privileges. | response cost |
| The frequency and predictability of reinforcement. | schedule of reinforcement |
| A consequence that people learn to value through its association with a primary reinforcer. | secondary reinforcer |
| Rewarding or punishing one's own behavior. | self-regulation |
| The teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward the desired goal. | shaping |
| An apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments of operant conditioning is a(n) ___________. | Skinner box |
| Learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action. | social learning theories |
| Environmental conditions that activate the senses. | |
| Procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced. | time out |
| A behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus is a(n) ____________. | unconditioned response |
| A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response is a(n) ____________. | unconditioned stimulus |
| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable amount of time. | variable-interval (VI) schedule |
| Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable number of behaviors. | variable-ratio (VR) schedule |
| Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior. | vicarious learning |
| If an unpleasant consequence does not reduce the frequency of the behavior, it may not be a(n) ____________. | punisher |
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