Chapter 5 key terms Word Scramble

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Term	Definition
An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape.	aversive stimulus
Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.	behavioral learning theories
The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response is a(n) ___________.	classical conditioning
Procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive principles for changing one's own behavior by means of self-talk and self-instruction.	cognitive behavior modification
Explanations of learning that focus on mental processes.	cognitive learning theories
A previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus is a(n) __________.	conditioned stimulus
Pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviors and affect the frequency of future behaviors.	consequences
Signals as to which behavior(s) will be reinforced or punished.	cues
Perception of and response to differences in stimuli.	discrimination
Premack Priciple also called ____________	"Grandma's Rule"
What are the 4 phases of observational learning?	1. Attentional phase 2. Retention phase 3. Reproduction 4. Motivational phase
Examples of 10 reinforcements:	1. Self-reinforcement 2. Praise 3. Attention 4. Grades and recognition 5. Call home 6. Home-based reinforcement 7. Privileges 8. Activity reinforcers 9. Tangible reinforcers 10. Food
When a teacher holds her hand up to get students' attention it is cueing, a(n) _____________ that informs students which behaviors will be reinforced.	antecedent stimulus
Events that precede behaviors.	antecedent stimulus
The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn.	extinction
The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction.	extinction burst
Praise or reward given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not do otherwise.	extrinsic reinforcers
Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time.	fixed-interval (FI) schedule
Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors.	fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
Carryover of behaviors, skills, or concepts from one setting or task to another.	generalization
Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward.	intrinsic reinforcers
A change in an individual that results from experience.	learning
What does vicarious learning mean?	learning from observing or hearing about another's experiences
Continuation (of behavior).	maintenance
Imitation of others' behavior.	modeling
What is it called when a teacher says "If you get an A on tomorrow's test, you won't have to do homework the rest of the week"?	negative reinforcement
Release from an unpleasant situation, given to strengthen behavior.	negative reinforcer
Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response is a(n) _____________.	neutral stimuli
Behavioral learning theories apply best to ___________ (rather than thinking for example).	observable behavior
Learning by observation and imitation of others.	observational learning
What is it called when a teacher reinforces a student who raises her hand to speak?	operant conditioning
The use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior is a(n) _________.	operant conditioning
Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior.	positive reinforcer
Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities.	Premack Principle
An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again.	presentation punishment
Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need.	primary reinforcer
Unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior.	punishment
A pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior.	reinforcer
Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that may be reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur.	removal punishment
Procedure of charging misbehaving students against their free time or other privileges.	response cost
The frequency and predictability of reinforcement.	schedule of reinforcement
A consequence that people learn to value through its association with a primary reinforcer.	secondary reinforcer
Rewarding or punishing one's own behavior.	self-regulation
The teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward the desired goal.	shaping
An apparatus developed by B.F. Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments of operant conditioning is a(n) ___________.	Skinner box
Learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action.	social learning theories
Environmental conditions that activate the senses.
Procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced.	time out
A behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus is a(n) ____________.	unconditioned response
A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response is a(n) ____________.	unconditioned stimulus
Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable amount of time.	variable-interval (VI) schedule
Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable number of behaviors.	variable-ratio (VR) schedule
Learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior.	vicarious learning
If an unpleasant consequence does not reduce the frequency of the behavior, it may not be a(n) ____________.	punisher

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