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Biology Chapter 12
The Cell Cycle
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Cycle | Regular sequence of growth and division |
| Genome | A cell's endowment of DNA(genes), its genetic information |
| Chromatin | The relaxed, uncondensed, loose form of DNA. *Not visible during interphase |
| Chromosome | The highly condensed, tightly wound, packed form of DNA. *Not in Interphase. *Prepare for cell division: mitosis and meoisis |
| Histone | The positively charged globular proteins that condense DNA |
| Nucleolus | Site of RNA synthesis. Only seen in cell that is not dividing(Interphase) |
| Somatic Cells | All cells of the body except gametes(2n; diploid) |
| Gametes | Sex cells. Ex: eggs and sperm |
| Zygote | Offspring - results from the fusion of sex cells |
| Homologous Chromosomes(Homologous Pairs, Homologues) | Chromosomes which carry genes controlling the same inheritance characters. One is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. They have same length, centromere position and staining pattern |
| Locus(i) | The specific location of a gene on a chromosome |
| Maternal Set | The chromosomes that were inherited from the mother |
| Paternal Set | The chromosomes that were inherited from the father |
| Diploid | Having two sets of chromosomes - 2n |
| Haploid | Having one set of chromosomes - 1n |
| Autosomes | The non - sex chromosomes in the cell, shared in common by both male and females. In human cells there are 44 autosomes(22 pairs) |
| Sex Chromosomes | Chromosomes that determine sex. Human cells contain 2 Sex chromosomes(1 pair). Ex: X and Y, Homogametic vs. Heterogametic |
| Homogammetic | Females are homogametic because they will always make X gametes |
| Heterogametic | Men are heterogametic because they make different gametes, either X or Y |
| Fertilization | Gamete(1n) + Gamete(1n) ----> Zygote(2n) |
| Karotype | A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organizing according to size and shape |
| Sister Chromatids | Identical copies of DNA in a duplicated chromosome |
| Centromere | Attaches the sister chromatids together. An area on the chromatid where a chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid. The close attachment caused a constriction at that point |
| Kinetochore | A disc shaped protein attached to the centromere to which kinetochore fibers attach |
| Spindle Fibers | Fibers made of microtubules that grow out from the centrioles and aid in cell division |
| Cell Division in Prokaryotic Cell | Divide by binary fission. Have a single circular DNA molecule made up of one chromosome. Replicate single DNA, each DNA moves to opposite ends of cell, cell separates, the two daughter cells are identical and each contain the same DNA molecule |
| Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cell | Divide by Mitosis and Cytokinesis. Linear DNA separates in phases |
| Interphase | Non-dividing time in the cell cycle; between the mitotic divisions. 3 Main Phases... A. G1 Phase.. B. S Phase.. C. G2 Phase |
| G1 Phase - First Gap | Cell undergoes rapid growth, replaces any organelles that were not made during cell division, cell assumes normal metabolism when normal cell size is reached. If cell continues to grow, this could cause stimulus for movement to the next phase. |
| G1 Checkpoint - Restriction Point | The go ahead signal for S phase, once cell reaches this point, the cell will continue the cell cycle and enter into the S phase |
| G0 Phase | The cell will enter this non-dividing phase and not divide anymore and will assume normal metabolism |
| S Phase | "Synthesis phase", the cell will duplicate(replicate) its DNA forming sister chromatids. Once completed, the cell is committed to cell division. Has 2x DNA amount |
| G2 Phase - Second Gap | Some growth, preparation for mitosis, replicate the centrioles(animal cells), centrioles start moving to opposite poles, begin condensing chromatin into chromosomes |
| G2 Check Point | The go ahead signal for Mitosis, once the cell reaches this point, the cell will enter Mitosis |
| Mitosis - M - Phase | Division of the nucleus(and contents) |
| Prophase | Chromosomes most condensed. Each chromosome seen as pairs of sister chromatids joined by centromere. Nucleolus disappears. Mitotic spindle forms between the two pairs of centrioles as they move to opposite poles of cell. Nuclear envelope breaks up |
| Microtubular Spindle - Mitotic Spindle | 1. Kinetochore Microtubule Fibers(attach to kinetochore).. 2. Aster Microtubule Fibers(radial array of short fibers).. 3. Nonkinetochore(Polar) Microtubule Fibers(overlap at the equator) |
| Centrosome | MTOC - Microtubular organizing center |
| Centrioles | Only found in animal cells |
| Prometaphase(Transition state) | Kinetochore fibers grown from one centriole attach to a kinetochore on one side of the sister chromatid while the kinetochore fibers from other centriole attache to the kinetochore on the other side of the sister chromatid. |
| Prometatphase(Transition state) Continuation | Nonkinetochore fibers from both centrioles overlap in both sides of the cell and determine the midway point. Aster fibers brace the membrane for upcoming cell division |
| Metaphase | All the chromosomes end up at the center of the cell(metaphase plate). For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister chromatids face the opposite poles, and each is attached to a kinetochore microtubule coming from that pole. |
| Anaphase | Sister chromatids separate, and the now-daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. At the end of anaphase, a complete set of chromosomes has assembled at each pole of the cell. |
| Telophase | Chromosome sets assemble at opposite poles, a nuclear envelope reforms around each set, and cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually follows. The chromosomes begin t spread out, and the spindle begins to break down |
| Cytokinesis | Division of the cytoplasm to produce daughter cells |
| Animal Cell Cytokinesis | Cleavage - actin microfilaments constrict to pinch off the two forming daughter cells from each other... Cleavage Furrow - Shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate |
| Plant Cell Mitosis | During telophase, the Golgi bodies migrate to the center of the cell where the metaphase plate used to be and fuse to form a cell plate. |
| Plant Cell Mitosis Continuation | Eventually, the growing cell plate fuses with the existing plasma membrane, producing two daughter cells, each with its own plasma membrane. A new cell wall forms between the two membranes of the cell plate, which is the future middle lamella |
| Cell Plate | Formed as the golgi apparatus vesicles coalesce, thier membrane fuse with the plasma membrane along the perimeter of the cell. A new cell wall and middle lamela will arise from the contents of the Golgi apparatus |
| Functions of Cell Division | Growth, repair, regeneration, asexual reproduction |
| Kinases | Proteins that activate or inactivate other protiens by phophorylating them. Regulate the transfer from one phase to the next in the cell cycle. |
| Kinases Activity | Present in the same concentration all the time, but most of the time in a cell in an inactive form. Most are Cyclin-dependent kinases(cdks). Their activity rises and falls with the concentration of cyclins |
| Cyclins | A protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell. Increases in concentration after the S phase and decreases after Mitosis is over and into the G1 phase |
| MPF(Mitosis Promoting Factor) | Cyclin/cdk complex which acts as the G2 Checkpoint to go ahead with mitosis |
| Growth Factors | Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to divide |
| Anchorage Dependence | To divide, cells must be attached to a sub-stratum(basement anchor), such as the inside of a tissue culture jar or the extracellular matrix of the tissue |
| Density-Dependent Inibition | A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing |
| What is Cancer | 1. Proteins don't operate correct.. 2. Do not respond to cell density dependent inhibition.. 3. Do not obey anchorage dependence |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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