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chapter 25 bio112
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | The field of biology that is concerned with the theory, practice, and rules of classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses |
| Extant species | Those that still exist today |
| Exctinct species | Those that have died out |
| Systematics | The study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern. |
| Taxon | A group of species that are evolutionarily related to each other. In taxonomy, each species is placed into several taxons that form a hierarcy from large(domain) to small(genus) |
| Domain | 1)A defined region of a protein with a distinct structure and function.2)One of the three major categories of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| bacteria | When not capitalized, refers to a cell or species within the domain Bacteria |
| archaea | When not capitalized, refers to a cell or species within the domain Archaea |
| Eukarya | One of the three domains of life, the other two are Bacteria and Archaea |
| Protista | formerly a eukaryotic kingdom. protists are now placed into seven eukaryotic supergroups. |
| Fungi | a eukaryotic kingdom of the domain Eukarya. |
| Plantae | a eukaryotic kingdom of the domain Eukarya |
| Animalia | a eukaryotic kingdom of the domain Eukarya |
| Protista | No longer a separate kingdom but instead is a very broad collection of species. |
| How many supergroups do eukaryotes get placed in | 7 |
| Supergroup | One of the seven subdivisions of the domain Eukarya ( lies between a domain and a kingdom) |
| Phyla (singular, phylum) | In taxonomy, a subdivision of a kingdom |
| Classes | In taxonomy, a subdivision of a Phylum |
| orders | in taxonomy, a subdivision of a class |
| families | in taxonomy, a subdivision of an order |
| genera | in taxonomy, a subdivision of a family |
| species | a group of related organisms that share a distinctive form in nature and (for sexually reproducing species) are capable of interbreeding |
| binomial nomenclature | The standard method for naming species. Each species has a genus name and species epithet. |
| Phylogeny | The evolutionary history of a species or group of species |
| Phylogenetic tree | a diagram that describes a phylogeny; such a tree is a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships among various species, based on the information available to and gathered by systematists |
| clades | groups of organisms containing an ancestral organism and all of its descendants |
| anagenesis | the pattern of speciation in which a single species is transformed into a different species over the course of many generations. |
| cladogenesis | a pattern of speciation in which a species is divided into two or more species |
| nodes | the branch points in a phylogenetic tree |
| clade | a group of species derived from a single common ancestor. |
| monophyletic group | a group of species, a taxon, consting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| paraphyletic group | a group of organisms that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
| polyphyletic group | a group of organisms that consists of members of several evolutionary lines and does not include the most recent common ancestor of the included lineages. |
| homology | a fundamental similarity that occurs due to descent from a common ancestor |
| molecular systematics | a field of study that involves the analysis of genetic data, such as DNA sequences, to identify and study genetic homology and construct phylogenetic trees |
| cladistics | the classification of species based on evolutionary relationships |
| cladograms | a phylogenetic tree constructed by using a cladistic approach |
| characters | a characteristic of an organism, such as the appearance of seeds, pods, flowers, or stems |
| character state | a particular variant of a given character. |
| shared primitive character | a trait shared with a distant ancestor |
| symplesiomorphy | another name for shared primitive character |
| shared derived character | a trait that is shared by a group of organisms but not by a distant common ancestor. |
| synapomorphy | another name for shared derived character |
| ingroup | in a cladogram, a group of interest |
| outgroup | in a cladogram, a species or group of species that does not exhibit one or more shared derived characters found in the ingroup |
| principle of parsimony | the concept that the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest. |
| maximum likelihood | one method used to evaluate a phylogenetic tree based on an evolutionary model |
| natural theory of evolution | states that most genetic variation is due to the accumulation of neutral mutations that have attained high frequencies in a opulation via genetic drift. |
| molecular clock | a method for estimating evolutionary time; based on the observation that neutral mutations occur at a relatively constant rate. |
| horizontal gene transfer | a process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism. |
| the study of biological diversity based on evolutionary relationships is | systematics |
| what is the order of taxa used to classify organisms | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| When considering organisms within the same taxon, what level includes organisms with the greatest similarity? | genus |
| what characteristic is not shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? | the cytoplasm is compartmentalized into organelles |
| What characteristics are shared by bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? | 1)DNA is the genetic material 2)Messenger RNA encodes the information to produce proteins 3) all cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane |
| The branch points or nodes in a phylogenetic tree depict what? | cladogenesis |
| The evolutionary history of a species is its | phylogeny |
| A taxon composed of all species derived from a common ancestor is referred to as | a monophyletic group or clade |
| a goal of modern taxonomy is to | classify all organisms in a monophyletic groups |
| the concept that the preferred hypothesis is the one that is the simplest is | the principle of parsimony |
| Explain how species' names follow a binomial nomenclature. Give an example | 1. The scientific name of every species has two parts, which are the genus name and the species epithet. The genus name is always capitalized, but the species name is not. Both names are italicized. An example is Canis lupus |
| What is a molecular clock? | If neutral mutations occur at a relatively constant rate, they act as a molecular clock on which to measure evolutionary time. |
| How is it used in depicting phylogenetic trees? | Genetic diversity between species that is due to neutral mutation gives an estimate of the time elapsed since the last common acenstor. A molecular clock can provide a timescale to a phylogenetic tree |
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