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Biology Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Photosynthesis | Anabolic pathway, uphill reaction, absorption of energy, needs light, simple ---> complex. 6CO2(oxidizing agent)(substance reduced) + 6H2O(reducing agent)(substance oxidized) + solar energy ----> C6H12O2(glucose) + 6O2 |
| Autotrophs | Produce their glucose(food) molecules from Carbon Dioxide. "Self Feeders". Also called producers. They are the producers of the food chain. Can synthesize its own food. Ex: plants, algae, bacteria, |
| Heterotrophs | Live on compounds produced by other organisms. Must consume. Also called consumers. The consumers in the food chain. |
| Mesophyll Layer | The tissue in the interior of the leaf, tissue between the skin epidermis. Contains the chloroplasts. |
| Stomata | Openings in the leaf epidermis where gas, such as oxygen and CO2, is exchanged. Like pores in the skin of the leaf. Stoma is singular |
| Electromagnetic Radiation | Energy that travels in waves. |
| Electromagnetic Spectrum | The entire range of Radiation. Smallest wavelength to largest. |
| Radiation | Energy that travels in waves. |
| Wavelength | Distance from crest to crest |
| Visible Light Spectrum | The range of light that is visible to the human eye. Between 380 - 750 nm |
| Photon | Fixed quantities of energy, enough to cause electrons to become "excited" |
| Quantum Leap | Electrons absorb photons and move(leap) to the next highest energy shell. |
| Ground State | The normal energy level for an electron |
| Absorption Spectrum | A graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength |
| Action Spectrum | A graph which plots the rate of photosynthesis versus wavelength. |
| Infared(Radio) | Light with wavelength larger than visible light |
| X-Ray, Ultraviolet(UV), Gamma | Light with wavelength smaller than visible light |
| Pigments | Molecules that can absorb, transmit and reflect light |
| Chlorophyll a, b, c, d, e | Have Mg(magnesium) at the center. Magnesium has 2 electrons in valence shell |
| Chlorophyll a | Most important, blue-green hue |
| Chlorophyll b | Accessory pigment, olive-green(yellow-green) hue |
| Carotenoids | Accessory pigments, yellow and orange in color. 2 kinds... 1. Carotene.. 2. Xanthophyll |
| Carotene | Yellow-orange caratenoid |
| Xanthophyll | Light yellow caratenoid |
| Why Do Leaves Change Color In Autumn? | Leaves lose water by stomata which are necessary for photosynthesis. Trees don't have enough water in Autumn to support photosynthesis so stops producing chlorophyll a(blue-green), which fades out from the leaf. |
| Pigments Other than Chlorophyll a | All pigments that are not chlorophyll a are accessory pigments |
| Accessory Pigments | Assist in Light harvesting complex. Help absorb light over a broader spectrum. Ex: chlorophyll b, carotene, and xanthophyll |
| Color of Visible Light Absorbed by Chlorophyll a | Green is the least absorbed color by chlorophyll a. Blue and Red are the colors most absorbed by chlorophyll a. Colors of visible light are VIBGYOR(smallest to largest wavelength). Light wavelengths with size 680 nm and 700 nm are absorption sweetspots |
| 2 Main Reactions in Photosynthesis | Step 1: Light Reaction... Light required, Light dependent, Noncyclic Photophophorylation, Water split --> O2. Step 2: Dark Reaction... Light not required for this part, Light independent, Calvin Cycle(carbon fixation), Glucose is synthesized |
| Photosystems | Located within the thylakoid membrane. Contain 2 areas.. 1. Reactive Center Complex.. 2. Light Harvesting Complex |
| Reactive Center Complex | The center of a photosystem that consists of proteins holding a pair of chlorophyll a molecules. Contains a primary electron accepter |
| Light Harvesting Complex | Consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins, they enable a photosystem to harvest light over a larger surface and larger portion of the spectrum than could any single pigment molecule alone |
| Photosystem II | Discovered second, but occurs first in the sequence. Contains chlorophyll P680 at its reactive center complex |
| Phtotosystem I | Discovered first, but occurs second in the sequence. Contains chlorophyll P700 at its reactive center complex |
| Light Reactions | Light dependent reactions. Occur within the thylakoid membrane. Non-Cyclic or Linear Electron Flow |
| 1. Light Reaction Process | 1. A photon of light strikes the pigments in the light harvesting complex of Photosystem II.. 2. The electrons of the pigments become excited and as they return to ground state they pass the energy eventually to Chlorophyll P680.. |
| 2. Light Reaction Process | 3. P680 electrons are photo-excited, they leap and are accepted by the primary electron acceptor in the Photosystem II.. 4. P680 is now P680+ because it has an electron hole that must be filled to become neutral again |
| 3. Light Reaction Process | 5. Water is split by Photolysis into two electrons(which will fill the hole), two hydrogen ions(H+ - protons), and an Oxygen atom.. 6. Oxygen will bind to other oxygen atoms and form a molecule of Oxygen that is given off |
| 4. Light Reaction Process | 7. The photo-excited electrons pass from the primary electron acceptor down an electron transport chain to Phototsystem I and fills chlorophyll P700's electron hole.. 8. The energy released from the electron transport chain will power photophosphorylatio |
| 5. Light Reaction Process | 9. Photophosphorylation:.. A. The electron transport chain releases energy to pump H+(protons) into the lumen of the thylakoid.. B. This creates the electrochemical gradient - proton motive force.. |
| 6. Light Reaction Process | C. The protons move down the proton gradient through ATP Synthase in the membrane and release the energy to power the production of ATP. Just like in respiration - except pointing out toward the stroma |
| 7. Light Reaction Process | 10. A photon of light has simultaneously struck Photosystem I. Chlorophyll P700 electrons have been photo-excited, leap and have been accepted by their primary electron acceptor in Photosystem I |
| 8. Light Reaction Process | 11. The electrons are passed down another electron transport chain and NADP becomes reduced at the end. ****No Photophosphorylation occurs in the second electron transport chain.. |
| 9. Light Reaction Process | 12. The H+ that were released from the initial splitting of water combined with NADP to form NADPH.. 13. NADPH travels to the dark reaction along with the ATP generated during Photophosphorylation |
| Dark Reaction - Calvin Cycle - Carbon Fixation | Light independent reaction, primary purpose is to form simple sugars |
| 1. Dark Reaction Process | 1. Carbon Fixation: A. 3 Carbon Dioxide(one at a time) enter the Calvin Cycle by combining with 3 RuBP(c-c-c-c-c) forming a 6 carbon IP that immediately splits into 2 3carbon Ips. Reaction is catalyzed by Rubisco(the most abundant protein on the planet) |
| 2. Dark Reaction Process | B. 6 three carbon IPs are formed.. 2. Reduction of the IPs: A. ATP produced from Light reaction(photophosphorylation) phosphorlates the IPs(powers the reaction) and NADPH transfers the H+ and electrons to the IPs |
| 3. Dark Reaction Process | B. This forms 6 G3P(glyceraldehye 3-phosphate - three carbon sugar).. C. One G3P exits the cycle as output.. |
| 4. Dark Reaction Process | 3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor - RuBP: The other 5 G3P cycle back and regenerate back into the starting 3 RuBPs. This is powered by ATP. *****This cycle repeated for the second of the 3 carbon dioxides |
| 5. Dark Reaction Process | Final Step: One G3P combines with one G3P to form a molecule of glucose |
| Electron Flow In Light Reaction | H2O ---> P680 (ETC)---> P700 (ETC)---> NADP |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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