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Biology Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration and Fermentaion - Catabolic Pathways
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cellular Respiration | Catabolic pathway that results in the complete oxidation of the glucose molecule. Complete, total oxidation of glucose (all 12 Hs will be removed). Complete burn. Two types... 1. Aerobic.. 2. Anaerobic |
| Catabolic Pathway | Series of steps. Complex ---> simple, break down, release energy: harvest the energy and make ATP, Downhill reaction |
| Cellular Respiration Process | Glucose molecule(C6H12O6, Reducing Agent) undergoes oxidation so loses all 12 Hs + either O2 or non O2(Oxidizing agent) undergoes reduction -----> Products + Energy release |
| In Aerobic Respiration | Oxygen will serve as the final electron and (H+) acceptor. Oxygen is used and is the oxidizing agent(accepting H+ and electrons) |
| In Anaerobic Respiration | A substrate other than oxygen serves as the final electron and(H+) acceptor. Oxygen is not used but a non-O2 molecule which acts as the oxidizing agent |
| Electron and H+ Carriers | Coenzymes that transfer electrons and H+ from one molecule to another... 1. NAD - Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide... 2. FAD - Flavin adenine dinucleotide.. 3. Cytohrome - transmembrane proteins in the electron transport chain |
| Fermentation | Catabolic pathway that results in the incomplete oxidation of the glucose molecule. Does not require oxygen. Incomplete oxidation of glucose(only several of the Hs will be removed). Partial burn |
| Aerobic Respiration(Occurs in Mitochondria) | Occurs in four metabolic stages.. 1. Glycolysis(cytosol).. 2. Pyruvate Oxidation(mitochondrial matrix).. 3. Citric Acid Cycle(mitochondral matrix).. 4. Oxidative Phophorylation(cristae of mitochondria).. a. electron transport chain.. b. chemiosmosis |
| Mitochondrial Structure | 1. Boundary Memebrane.. 2. Inner Membrane.. a. cristae.. 3. Matrix.. 4. Intermembrane space |
| Glycolysis(Occurs in Cytosol) | The splitting of sugar. Partial oxidation of 1 Glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate(c-c-c) Two phases.. 1. Energy investment Phase.. 2. Energy Payoff Phase |
| Energy investment Phase | Invest 2 ATP. "Priming the pump". 2 ATP go in, 2 ADP come out. The 2 phosphate groups that are left behind bond to the six carbon chain of the glucose and split the glucose molecule in half, Producing 2 G3P(glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, c-c-c-P) |
| Energy Payoff Phase | 4ADP + 2Pi go in, 4 ATP come out. 2 NAD+ go in(reduced), 2 NADH come out(NADH will travel to ETC). Process yields 4 ATP(net 2 ATP) and produces 2 pyruvate(c-c-c). |
| Glycolysis Net Products | 2 ATP(SLP), 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvate(c-c-c) |
| Substrate Level Phospharylation(SLP) | Most direct way to make ATP, Uses the energy directly from the substrate breakdown. Easy. Formation of ATP by direct transfer of a Pi to ADP |
| Pyruvate Oxidation - Pre-Citric Acid Cycle Prep(Occurs in Matrix) | 2 Pyruvate(c-c-c) give off 1 CO2 each(c), 2CO2 altogether. 2 NAD+ go in(reduced), 2 NADH come out. This process forms 2Acetyl. 2CoA(Coenzyme A) bind with 2Acetyl(c-c) to form 2Acetyl-CoA(c-c). For each pyruvate(c-c-c): Pyruvate(c-c-c) gives off CO2(c) and |
| Pyruvate Oxidation Net Products | 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA(c-c), No ATP produced |
| 1. Citric Acid Cycle - Krebs Cycle(Occurs in Matrix) | Each Acety-CoA(c-c) enters the Citric Acid Cycle by joining with Oxaloacetate(OA, groom, c-c-c-c) or oxaloacetic acid to form Citrate(Citric Acid, c-c-c-c-c-c). |
| 2. Citric Acid Cycle - Krebs Cycle(Occurs in Matrix)(ATP is produced by Substrate Level Phoshporylation) | For 2 Cycle Rotations: 2CoA departed. Cycle will completely oxidize the carbon compounds recycling back into the OA receiver which is regenerated in the process. 4CO2 are removed or given off - Decarboxylation. 6NAD and 2FAD go in(reduced), 6NADH and 2 FA |
| Different Description of The Citric Acid Cycle - Krebs Cycle(Occurs in Matrix) | 2 CoA depart. Citrate is made. 4 CO2 break off from the Citrate(c-c-c-c-c-c). 2 ADP + 2 Pi go in, 2 ATP leave. 6 NAD go in, 6 NADH come out. 2 FAD go in, 2 FADH come out. OA is reused and the cycle starts over. |
| Citric Acid Cycle Net Products | 4 CO2, 2 ATP(SLP), 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
| 1. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | 1. Elecrron Transport Chain.. A. 10 NADH and 2 FADH deliver the electrons and H+(undergo oxidation)to the transmembrane proteins(undergo reduction) of the electron transport chain. Most of them are called Cytochromes |
| 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | B. The electrons move from one carrier to another in the chain. The transfer of electrons occurs from a carrier with less electronegativity to a carrier that has more EN. Spontaneous downhill reaction, resulting in a release of free energy. |
| 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | C. The final(terminal) electron acceptor is Oxygen. As Oxygen receives the electrons and combines with 2H+, a molecule of water is formed. If the final electron acceptor is not Oxygen, process would be called anaerobic respiration |
| 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | D. The free energy released from ETC is used to power proton pumps embedded in the cristae(inner membrane) to pump protons(H+) out of matrix into intermembrane space. pH of intermembrane space is Acidic pH(Low Value) and pH of matrix is Basic pH(High Valu |
| 5. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | E. This creates an electrochemical gradient called Proton Motive Force. Source of Potential Energy to power the Chemiosmosis that will follow |
| 6. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | 2. Chemiosmosis.. A. The Protons flow back through the cristae to relieve the proton motive force gradient through a Channel Protein/Enzyme called ATP Synthase |
| 7. Oxidative Phosphorylation(Occurs in Cristae) | B. The ATP Synthase harnesses the proton-motive force energy to phosphorylate less |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation Net Products | 1. Electron Transport Chain: 10 NAD+, 2FAD, 6 H2O.. 2. Chemiosmosis: Each NAD provides material for 2.5 ATP...Forms 25 ATP. Each FAD provides material for 1.5 ATP...Forms 3 ATP. Total for ATP count for Chemiosmosis is 28 ATP.. 3. In all, 32 ATP |
| Total Grand Finale of ATP in Aerobic Respiration | 2 ATP(glycolysis).. 2 ATP(Citric Acid).. 28 ATP(Oxidative Phosphorylation).. Total of 32 ATP produced for every glucose molecule |
| Cellular Aerobic Respiration Equation | C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 32 ATP |
| If Oxygen is not Available | 1. Anaerobic Respiration(not humans)..Ex: bacteria, single celled... 2. Fermentation: doesn't use oxygen..Ex: humans(only certain cells), bacteria, yeast, cultures(diary) |
| Anaerobic Respiration | Follows the same metabolic pathway as aerobic except that a non-oxygen final electron acceptor is used. Products are variable and ATP yields are much less |
| Fermentation | Functions to regenerate the NADs to allow glycolysis to continue without the ETC. The final electron acceptor is pyruvate. Two kinds... 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation.. 2. Alcoholic Fermentation |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | Product is Lactic Acid(Lactate). Ex: Muscle cells and Bacterial Cultures found in dairy products |
| Alcoholic Fermentation | Carbon Dioxide and Ethanol(Ethyl alcohol) are produced. Ex: yeast and Bacteria, making wine, beer and bread |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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