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Bio Exam
Crappy stuff
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| enzyme | substance produced by living organisms that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| ATP | Primary source of free energy in living cells |
| Glycolysis | Chemical reaction that breaks down glucose into 2 Pyruvate in order to move to the next step in cellular respiration |
| chloroplasts | Contains photosynthesis Pigment, Chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy as part of the photosynthesis process |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | series of electron carriers & proteins that are embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrin. Transfers H+ ions across the membrane |
| Light Absorption | occurs when a ray of light strikes a surface |
| Transition Reaction | (second stage in cellular respiration) Takes place in the matrix of mitochondria, O2 is needed for this process to follow through |
| Photosynthesis | Transforms radient energy from the sun into chemical high-energy compounds (6CO2+6H2O+energy = C6H12O6+6O2) |
| Hydrolysis | cleavage of chemical bonding by adding water |
| The Genetic Code | Set of rules for determining how genetic info(nucleotide) is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein |
| Transcription (DNA->RNA) | first step in gene expression and involves the production of an RNA molecule from a DNA template |
| Anticodon | triplet of bases positioned at one end of the tRNA, which recognizes and base pairs with a codon on mRNA during protein synthesis |
| Spliceosomes | Molecules that do the "splicing" |
| Hershey & Chase | Performed 2 blender experiments. Used T4 viruses &radioactive labeling techniques. |
| Watson & Crick | Produce a structural model of the DNA double helix |
| Franklin | used X-rays to photograph the DNA molecule. discovered that DNA has a helical structure. Nitrogen bases are located on the inside of a molecule. Sugars and Phosphates are located on the outside. |
| Chargaff | Discovered that DNA has 4 nucleotides but are NOT resent in equal amounts. Nucleotide composition varies from species to species. Also discovered A->T & C->G |
| Helicase | An enzyme that helps to unwind the parent DNA |
| Primase | An enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer used to generate Okazaki fragments. |
| Single-Strand Bonding Protein | Enzyme the helps stabilize single bonded regions of DNA when it unwinds. |
| Topoisomerase 2 | enzyme that helps relieve strain on the parent DNA that has generated from the unwinding of the double helix. |
| DNA Polymerase 1,2&3 | Group of enzymes with different roles - Addition of nucleotides to the 3'end of a growing polynucleotide strand. - removal of RNA primer and filling gaps between Okazaki fragments. - proofreading newly synthesized DNA |
| DNA Ligase | joins the ends of Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand synthesis |
| Chemical Mutagen | Molecule that enters the nucleus of all cells and induce mutations by reacting chemically with the DNA; Many cause a nucleotide substitution or a frame shift mutation. |
| Physical Mutagen | An agent that physically changes the structure of DNA |
| Point Mutation | Mutation involving a single based pair substitution, insertion or deletion |
| Frame Shift Mutation | Mutation caused by the addiction or deletion of a number of nucleotides not divisible by 3, resulting in a change in the reading frame |
| Non-sense Mutation | A mutation that shortens a protein by introducing a stop codon. |
| Mis-sense Mutation | Mutation that changes the amino acid sequence of a protein. |
| Silent Mutation | a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein. |
| Substitution Mutation | Might result in a silent mutation if the one substitute does not cause a mutation its then silent (Very Violent) |
| Negative Feedback System | Mechanism of homeostatic response by which the output of a system reserves a change in variable to within normal range. |
| Positive Feedback System | Mechanism of homeostatic response by which the output of a system strengthens or increases a change in homeostasis |
| Nephron | Microscopic tube-like filtration unit found in the kidneys that filters and reabsorbs various substances from the blood; produces urine. |
| Glomerular Filtration | In the kidney, a process that results in the movement of water and solutes, except proteins, from the blood plasma into the Nephron down the pressure gradient. |
| Insulin | a hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to make target cells more permeable to glucose; enables body to use sugar and other carbs |
| Glucagon | A hormone produced bu the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas to stimulate the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose which is released into the blood. |
| Nervous System Function | Network of nerves that includes Brain and Spinal cord; integrates and processes information sent by the nerves. |
| Reflex Arc | A simple connection of neurons that results in a reflex action in response to a stimulus. |
| Resting Potential | the potential difference across the membrane in the resting neuron |
| All or None Principle | principle that governs the response of an axon to a stimulus. If a neuron is stimulated sufficiently, and impulse will travel the length of the axon but if the stimulant is not sufficient, No impulse will travel down the axon. |
| Active Transport | transport of a solute across a membrane against its gradient |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Transport of ions or molecules across a membrane by means of a membrane protein along the concentration gradient for that ions or molecule. |
| Central Nervous System | includes the brain and the spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | nerves leading in and out of the CNS. (Autonomic & Somatic) |
| Autonomic | relays information to internal organs. Separated into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Somatic | Relays information to and from the skin and skeletal system. (Sensory & Motor Nerves) |
| Sympathetic | Control organs in stress; "Fight or Flight reaction" |
| Parasympathetic | Controls organs when body is at rest |
| Body's respond to Cold | Negative; Homeostasis returns to normal |
| Na+/K= Pump | a system involving a carrier protein in the plasma membrane that uses the energy of ATP to transport sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; Important to nerve cells and muscle cells |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of Water |
| Diffusion | Movement of particles or molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. |
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