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MCAT Biology #3
Heart and Lungs
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Open circulatory system | one in which the circulating fluid is part of the body fluid itself and does not entirely circulate within vessels such as arteries or veins |
| Closed circulatory system | one in which the circulating fluid does not mix with other body fluids and does flow within vessels |
| Functions of the circulatory system | bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues, remove waste products from tissues, maintains body temperature, and transports hormones |
| Pulmonary circulation | blood pumped from the right heart to the lungs and back to the left heart |
| Systemic circulation | blood that is pumped from the left heart to the rest of the tissues and back to the right heart |
| Arteries | blood vessels that lead away from the heart |
| Veins | blood vessels that lead to the heart |
| Systole | when the left ventricle contracts |
| Diastole | when the ventricles begin to relax |
| Types of circulatory regulation | nervous control of blood flow, humoral control by ions or hormones, and metabolic control at the local tissue level |
| Endothelial cells | cells that line the lumen of all the blood vessels in the body |
| Atherosclerosis | damage to endothelial cells |
| Arterioscelerosis | hardening of the arteries due to layer upon layer of deposit of cholesterol |
| Varicose veins | protrusions of dilated veins beneath the skin due to damage specialized valves in veins that prevent backflow |
| Atrioventricular valves | valves that prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into the atria |
| Pulmonary valve | valve that prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary arteries into the right ventricle |
| Aortic valve | valve that prevent backflow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle |
| Sinoatrial (SA) node | the point of origin for the electrical impulse that propagates through the rest of the heart |
| Atrioventricular (AV) node | transmits the electrical impulse from the SA node to the rest of the heart through the bundle of His |
| Bundle of His | a collection of fibers that transmit electrical impulses from the AV node |
| Purkinje fibers | fibers that transmit electrical impulses to the ventricles |
| Cardiac output formula | cardiac output = (stroke volume)(heart rate) |
| Pouiseuille’s law | relationship between the radius and length of a tube |
| Diffusion | the process by which molecules randomly move from one place to the next |
| Osmosis | the net movement of water from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| Osmolarity | the total solute concentration in our solution |
| An osmol | one mole of a molecule that does not ionize |
| Osmotic pressure | the amount of pressure that stopped osmosis |
| Intrinsic blood clotting | due to contact with some abnormal surface |
| Extrinsic blood clotting | due to trauma to the tissue |
| Thrombin | protein that cuts fibrinogen into fibrin |
| Fibrin | protein that forms the blood clot |
| Soft clot | the initial aggregation of fibrin monomers |
| Hard clot | cross-linked aggregation of fibrin monomers |
| Plasmin | protein that hydrolyzes specific regions of the fibrin clot to dissolve it |
| 2,3-BPG | product of glycolysis that causes hemoglobin to lose affinity for oxygen |
| Three things that causes hemoglobin to release oxygen | low pH, high temperature, increase concentration of 2,3-BPG |
Created by:
ruiyuwu1998
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