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Final
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Virchow | cell reproduction |
| Schleiden | plant cells |
| Schwann | animal cells |
| Hooke | first looked at a cork cells |
| Cell Theory | cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made up of cells, cells come from pre-existing cells |
| cell membrane | selectively permeable, has a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it, called the fluid mosaic model |
| Cell wall | plant cells, some bacteria, composed of cellulose, good with turgid pressure, rigid for support of plants |
| Nucleus | nuclear pores, contains DNA, center of eukaryote cell, contains a nucleoulus |
| ribosomes | site of protein synthase |
| SER | transports material, doesn't have ribosomes attached to it |
| RER | has ribosomes attached to it, transports proteins throughout the cell |
| Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis occurs, has chlorophyll, double membrane organelle, once free living, contains: thylakoid membrane, stroma, grana & site of light reaction and Calvin cycle |
| Mitochandria | site of the cellular resp.,double membrane organelle, has DNA, has inner folds called cristae, powerhouse of the cell, ATP |
| Golgi Bodies | packages and secretes material form vesicles |
| Chromosomes | contains genetic material-DNA is at the nucleus of the eukaryote cell |
| Vacuoles | organelle that stores material-large in plants |
| Prokaryotes | membrane bound organelles, circular chromosomes strand (circular strand of DNA), comes from archeabacteria & eubacteria (Monera) that evolved 3.5 billion years ago |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living organisms then another organelle engulfed them and they lived in a symbiotic relationships |
| Eukaryotes | has a nuclei, membrane bound organelle, evolved from prokaryotes 1.5 billion years ago |
| Organization of cells in our body | cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism |
| Scientific Method | hypothesis, controlled experiment, data, conclusion |
| Homeostasis | the internal balance of an organism |
| Metabolisis | the sum of the chemical activity |
| Do metabolisis and homeostasis work "hand in hand?" | YES |
| Diffusion | the movement of material from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, passive transport |
| Osmosis | the diffusion of material through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high to low concentration (passive transport) |
| Passive Transport | Does not require ATP, from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, with the gradient |
| Active Transport | requires ATP, from low to high concentration, against the gradient |
| Endocytosis | bulk transport inside the cell involving pinching of the cell membrane to form a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | bulk transport outside the cell which involves pinching of the cell membrane to form a vesicle |
| What does the movement of ions require? | ATP, a membrane protein and the NA, K pump |
| How does ATP turn into ADP? | ATP loses a phosphate by giving up some energy (it has three phosphates) to become ADP (which has 2 phosphates |
| Nucleus | where the protons and neutrons are located in the middle of the atom |
| Neutrons | have no charge in the nucleus |
| Protons | have a positive charge in the nucleus |
| Electrons | have a negative charge outside the nucleus orbiting it |
| Ionic Bond | forms when atoms exchange electrons |
| Covalent Bonds | forms when atoms are shared- nonmentals form convalent bonds and carbon has 4 covalent bonds |
| hydrogen bonds | forms with water due to polarity |
| Do Hydrogen bonds form in DNA? | Yes |
| Why is water polar? | unequal sharing of electrons |
| What is the 8-octect rule? | when electrons form a bond to make an element more stable by having 8 electrons total in the element |
| If a neutron loses an electron, does it become positive or negative? | positive |
| If neutron gains an electron, does it become positive or negative? | negative |
| Elements | made up of one type of atom found on th periodic table |
| Peptid bonds | forms between amino acids during protein synthases |
| Organic Chemistry | the study of carbon molecules |
| Carbohydrates | main source of energy, used in cellular resp. & C, O, H |
| Monosaccharides | simple surgars, one ring, galactose, frucose, & glucose C O H |
| Disaccharides | 2 sugars, surcrose, & malatose C O H |
| Polysaccharides | hundreds of sugars, starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Proteins | C H O N made up of many nucleo-acids many functions |
| What are the three Domains | Bacteria, Archae, & Eukarya |
| Are bacteria and archea prokaryotes? | yes |
| What is Monera | its the name people use to call the bacteria and archea group it had archaebacteria and eukaryabacteria in that group |
| What are the kingdoms of eukarya | protista, fungi, plantae & anamalia |
| Ex. of fungi | bread mold & yeast |
| Ex. of protista | euglina, paramecia, alge, & amobea |
| What colors of alge are there? | red, green, brown |
| Ex. Anamalia | Invertebrates: sponges, worms, insects, starfish, mollusk Vertebrates: amphibians, mammals, birds fish, & reptiles |
| Ex. Plantae | plants, ferns |
| What percent of energy is passed through a food chain? | 10% |
| What is the order from the biosphere-species? | biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, species/ organism |
| Carnivore | only eats meat |
| omnivore | eats both plants and animals |
| Herbivore | only eats plants |
| ecology | the study of interactions between organisms and its enviorments |
| biosphere | part of the earth that can sustain life |
| autotroph | produces its own food |
| heterotroph | consumers other organisms |
| decomposers | breakdown organisms and return nutrients to system |
| hydrolysis | adding a water molecule to break down a compound |
| dehydrolysis synthasis | subtracting a water molecule to break down a compound |
| exergonic reactions | release energy when breaking down polymers |
| endergonic reactions | store energy when building polymers |
| What is a benedict solution | tests for monosaccharides in the food lab |
| Cell plate | forms in cells during cytokinesis |
| Oogensis | female overies unqual cell division meiosis until fertilization take place; females are born with all eggs |
| Spermantation | male testes-four sperm-equal cell division-complete cell division |
| Who is Mendal? | father of genetics studied the pea plant and observed how traits were passed down from one generation to the next |
| Phenotype | physical traits |
| genotype | genetic expression of trait |
| How did mutations in the DNA happen? | change in the DNA sequence |
| Hemophilia | sex linked traits |
| Transcription | DNA to mRNA occurs in nucleus |
| Translations | occurs at the ribosomes production of protein using the information on the mRNA tRNA carries amnio acids to ribosomes |
| Capillaries | diffusion of gasses O2 and CO2 |
| Vein | carry blood toward the heart |
| Arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| Where does most digestion occur? | Small intestines |
| Where does the digestive system begin | the oral cavity |
| Gall Bladder | produces bile |
| Mammels | warm blooded, nurse young with mammary glands |
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