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Earth Science

Regents Basic Review NY

TermDefinition
Density material’s mass divided by its volume; (how much “stuff” is in a certain space)
Relative Humidity how much water vapor is in the air compared to how much water vapor could be present in the air
Dew Point the temperature to which the air must be cooled to reach water vapor saturation (no more water vapor can be added); where relative humidity is 100%: even though this value is a temperature, it can only be changed by adding or subtracting water vapor
Transpiration release of water vapor into the air by plants
Evapotranspiration evaporation and transpiration combined
Insolation incoming solar radiation (sunlight)
“Duration of Insolation” length of daylight (how long the sun shines); greatest on June 21 and shortest on December 21
Angle of Insolation height of sun measured in degrees; highest in summer and at noon; lowest in winter and at sunrise/sunset
Gradient slope or steepness of change (think steepness of a hill). change in some value over distance.
Rate how fast something happens/moves (think “speed”); change in some value over time.
Condensation change from water vapor into liquid water (how clouds, dew and fog form)
Revolution orbiting around another celestial body (Earth revolves around the sun)
Rotation spinning on its axis (Earth rotates one time around in about 24 hours)
Spring tides (higher high and lower low tides than normal) occur at full and new moon phases.
Solar eclipses occur at new moon phase
Lunar eclipses occur at full moon phase
Jovian (Jupiter-like) planets are large and made mostly of low density gas
Terrestrial planets (Earth-like) Terrestrial planets (Earth-like) are smaller, high-density rocky/metallic spheres.
Nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium is the source for the sun’s energy.
the “Big Bang”. The universe is expanding and has been since
Red Shift: indicates stars/galaxies moving away from the observer.
Contour lines point upstream/uphill (lines form a v-shape).
Latitude lines are drawn east-west, but measure distances north and south of the equator. (Remember: latitude=flatitude)
Longitude lines are drawn north-south, but measure distances east or west of the Prime Meridian.
Summer solstice June 21st; longest daylight (duration of insolation) of the year; our highest noontime sun.
Winter solstice December 21st; shortest daylight of the year, lowest noontime sun.
Equinoxes are March 21st and September 23rd; 12 hours of daylight everywhere on Earth.
Foucault’s pendulum and the Coriolis Effect are proof that Earth rotates.
Divergent boundary plates spreading; mid-ocean ridge or rift valley; volcanoes and shallow earthquakes.
Convergent boundary plates coming together; subduction zones and trenches, volcanoes and deep earthquakes
Transform boundary: plates sliding by each other; (San Andreas Fault), earthquakes only
P waves move faster than S waves.
Porosity does not depend on particle size (small particles have same porosity as large).
Know this Process: Air is warmed, becomes less dense due to expansion; is forced upwards; expands and cools as it rises; temperature falls to the dew point; condensation of clouds occurs.
Index fossils are good time markers because they lived for a short time, but over a large area.
Sedimentary rocks (compaction and cementation) are most likely to have fossils.
Igneous rocks (cooling and solidification) have large crystals from slow cooling (intrusive) and small crystals from fast cooling (extrusive).
Metamorphic rocks (heat and pressure) can show foliation (banding) and distortion.
Created by: pacurtis
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