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MB 302 Final Names
List of all Archaea, Bacteria, and viruses on the final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sulfolobus | Phylum Crenarchaeota; thermoacidophile; aerobe; chemoorganoheterotroph/chemoorganolithotroph; found in hot springs, soil |
| Thermoproteus | Phylum Crenarchaeota; strict anaerobes; chemoorganotroph/chemolithoautotroph; pH3-4 or 7; hot springs and aquatic, sulfur-rich environments |
| Methanogens | Phylum Euryarchaota; strict anaerobes; methanogenesis (CO2 -> CH4 -> IR = greenhouse gas); lives in high organic matter and low oxygen conditions; replace fuel? |
| Haloarchaea | Phylum Euryarchaota; extreme halophiles (1.5M); shapes vary (pyramids, cubes, etc); Na+ shield glycoprotein; high K; archaeorhodopsin (proton pump), halorhodopsin (transport pump Cl-), 2 sensory rhodopsins (photoreceptors - flagellar activity) |
| Thermoplasms | Phylum Euryarchaota; thermoacidophiles; refuse piles of coal mines; lack cell walls (caldarchaeol instead) |
| Extremely Thermophilic S-Reducing Euryarchaeota | Phylum Euryarchaota; strictly anaerobic; extremely thermophilic; suflur reduced to sulfide |
| Sulfate-Reducing Euryarchaeota | Phylum Euryarchaota; thermophilic; use H2, lactate, and glucose as electron donor |
| Aquifex | Gram- bacteria; oldest branch of Bacteria; inorganic but aerobic; chemolithoautotroph |
| Thermotoga | Gram- bacteria; second oldest branch of Bacteria; organic but anaerobic; chemoorganoheterotroph; outer sheath-like membrane |
| Deinococcus | Gram- bacteria; cell walls are acid-fast, but stain as Gram+; have PG but no teichoic acid, and an outer membrane layer; resistant to desiccation and IR |
| Chlorobi | Gram- bacteria; phototroph; "green sulfur bacteria"; anaerobic photolithoautotrophs; anoxygenic (cyclic) phototrophy to make ATP; has chlorosomes (funnel light); bacteriochlorophyll and accessory pigments |
| Chloroflexi | Gram- bacteria; phototroph; "green nonsulfur bacteria"; photoheterotroph (anoxygenic phototrophy) or chemoheterotroph (organic aerobically); small chlorosomes; thermophilic |
| Cyanobacteria | Gram- bacteria; phototroph; oxygenic/noncyclic photosynthesis using chlorophyll a; phycobiliproteins. Baeocytes (multiple fission), hormogonia (fragmentation), akinetes (endospores). Polyphosphate granules, carboxysomes, cyanophycin, heterocysts, vacuoles |
| Planctomycetes | Gram- bacteria; lack PG; anammoxosome (ammonia donor, nitrite acceptor) with ETC inside; stalk and holdfast attaches; flagellated swarmer cells |
| Chlamydia | Gram- bacteria; obligate intracellular parasites that need host's ATP; no PG, have sterols instead; EB (infectious form) and RB (replicative form) |
| Spirochaetes | Gram- bacteria; periplasmic flagella (axial fibrils) inside flexible outer sheath; Borrelia burgdorferi - Lyme disease (linear genome) |
| Purple Nonsulfur Bacteria | Class Alphaproteobacteria; anoxygenic phototrophy; photoorganoheterotrophs; do not oxidize elemental sulfur to sulfate; can form cysts; grow in mud, lake/pond water, oceans |
| Ricksettia | Class Alphaproteobacteria; obligate intracellular pathogens (stay in cytoplasm); do not use glucose, oxidizes TCA intermediates instead; typhus & Rocky Mountain Fever |
| Caulobacter | Class Alphaproteobacteria; polarly flagellated cells -> cells with prostheca (attachment); budding repro; closely related to Rhizobium (legumes) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Ti plasmid causes crown gall disease) |
| Thiobacillus | Class Betaproteobacteria; "colorless sulfur bacteria"; chemolithoautotrophs; suflur-oxidizing; increase soil fertility; cause acid and metal pollution, pipe corrosion |
| Purple Sulfur Bacteria | Class Gammaproteobacteria; anoxygenic phototrophy; photolithoautotrophs; strict anaerobes; found in anoxic, sulfide-rich lakes, bogs, lagoons |
| Pseudomonas | Class Gammaproteobacteria; chemoheterotrophs; 4 reasons of importance: can degrade organic molecules, important experimental subjects (biofilm), major pathogens (opportunistic), food spoilage |
| Vibrio | Class Gammaproteobacteria; curved rods with polar flagella; aquatic (marine and freshwater); some are bioluminescent; cholera and gastroenteritis |
| Enteric Bacteria | Class Gammaproteobacteria; facultative anaerobes; ferment sugars to various end products using 2 pathways (mixed acid fermentation/methyl red test and butanediol/VP test); pathogenic. Includes Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Serratia, etc |
| Bdellovibrio | Class Deltaproteobacteria; vampire bacteria; curved rods with polar cells; parasites of other Gram- bacteria; rams into prey, bores hole by rotating and releasing enzymes; grows in periplasmic space; inhibits host protein synthesis; multiple fission repro |
| Myxobacteria | Class Deltaproteobacteria; aerobic soil bacteria; gliding motility; micropredators/scavengers; most complex behavior/life cycle: vegetative cells (when food's available) and fruiting body (when there are no nutrients) that form myxospores |
| Helicobacter | Class Epsilonproteobacteria; stomach ulcers; microaerophilic; motile spirals; urease neutralizes stomach acid so it can be present |
| Clostridium | Gram+, low G+C; obligate anaerobe; fermentative; form endospores; causes botulism, tetanus, and gas gangrene |
| Bacilli, genus Bacillus | Gram+, low G+C; aerobes/facultative anaerobes; form endospores; important for antibiotic production, insecticide use. Causes food poisoning and anthrax |
| Bacilli, genus Staphylococcus | Gram+, low G+C; found on skin/mucus membranes of warm-blooded animals; human pathogen: food poisoning, skin infections, pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, MRSA (S. aureus on 25% people) |
| Bacilli, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) | Gram+, low G+C; depends on sugar fermentation for energy (lacks ETC); produces lactic acid; Strepto/Entero/Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc; important for food production, also causes food spoilage. Causes strep throat, pneumonia, cavities, UTIs |
| Corynebacterium | Gram+, high G+C; uses snapping division (binary fission with palisade arrangement); causes diphtheria |
| Mycobacterium | Gram+, high G+C; very slow growth; mycolic acid on PG layer gives high lipid content; acid-fast cell wall; causes tuberculosis, leprosy |
| Propionibacterium | Gram+, high G+C; ferment sugars to propionic and acetic acids; swiss cheese and acne/body odor production |
| Streptomyces | Gram+, high G+C; form aerial hyphae (chains of nonmotile spores with different surface textures); widespread in soild; ⅔ of antibiotics come from this genus |
| Frankia | Gram+, high G+C; similar to Rhizobium but in non-legume (woody) plants; fixes nitrogen |
| Bacteriophage T4 | Virus, group I; adsorption, entry of viral DNA, synthesis (host RNA polymerase transcribes T4's early mRNA, DNA-dependent DNA poly does viral DNA synthesis); concatemers and packasomes; release using holin and T4 lysozyme |
| Bacteriophage lambda | Virus, group I; lytic (low cII levels) or lysogenic (high cII); cII increases transcription of int (integrase) which creates prophage at att site; cI encodes lac repressor to maintain lysogeny; induction=excision; RecA causes lac repressor to self-cleave |
| Archaeal Viruses | Virus, group I; unusual shapes (bottle, spindle, etc.); lytic and lysogenic found |
| Herpesvirus | Virus, group I; enveloped in spikes; causes cold sores, chickenpox, shingles, mono; also productive infections (virus multiplies explosively, cell dies) and latent infections (viral genome remains in neuron and can be reactivated later) |
| Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Viruses (NCLD) | Virus, group I; eukaryotic; large virion; fairly self-sufficient; virophage (sputnik) is possible parasite of NCLD |
| Bacteriophage fd | Virus, group II; filamentous phage attaches to sex pilus; replicative form (RF) is the dsDNA; rolling circle replication; viruses released one at a time, leaving cell intact |
| Parvovirus | Virus, group II; eukaryotic; very simple (only 3 proteins made); negative strand DNA is complementary to viral mRNA; palindromic sequences (inverted terminal repeats); hairpin sequence=primer |
| Bacteriophage phi 6 | Virus, group III; enveloped, segmented genome in 3 pieces; attaches to sex pilus; transcriptase is a viral RNA polymerase that makes mRNA and also acts as a replicase |
| Rotavirus | Virus, group III; causes deaths of ½ million children; non-enveloped segmented genome (11 fragments, 3 protein layers); double-layered particle (DLP) - genome's transcribed inside, translation done outside; viroplasm protects newly formed viruses |
| Poliovirus | Virus, group IV; genome = mRNA; lacks 5' cap so uses an IRES so the ribosome recognizes it; polyprotein - large protein into 3 smaller ones |
| Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) | Virus, group IV; filamentous; plant viruses; "movement proteins" allow genome spread from cell to cell |
| Rabies virus, ebola virus | Virus, group V; genome =/= mRNA; unsegmented genome; genes in highly conserved order |
| Influenza Virus | Virus, group V; genome =/= mRNA; segmented genome; attaches to respiratory tract cells with viral spikes; neuraminidase (NA) - hydrolyzes mucus; hemagglutinin (HA) - interacts w/ cell surface receptors |
| HIV | Virus, group VI; genome =/= mRNA; reverse transcriptase = RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Provirus - dsDNA copy of RNA genome; integrated into cell's DNA; causes viral multiplication |
| Hepadnaviruses (Hepatitis B Virus - HBV) | Virus, group VII; circular dsDNA with a nicked strand and 4 overlapping ORFs. Pregenome - large mRNA formed in nucleus for forming proteins and -strand DNA by reverse transcriptase |
| Viroids | Acellular infectious agent; circular ssRNA, no capsid/gene products; loops to protect bases; causes RNA silencing (destruction of mRNA); ex: potato spindle tuber viroid |
| Satellites | Acellular infectious agent; only nucleic acid; may encode one or more gene products; need helper virus to infect host cell |
| Prions | Acellular infectious agent; infectious protein particles; no nucleic acid. PrPc - normal form, PrPSC - abnormal form. Ex: scrapie, BSE, CJD |
| Exotoxins | Soluble, heat-sensitive, very toxic cytoplasmic protein; mostly Gram+; 3 types: AB toxin (active & binding), membrane disrupting (channel/pore forming), and superantigens (provoke cytokines release) |
| Endotoxins | Heat-stable LPS (Lipid A) that becomes toxic when systemic; outer membrane of Gram- only; released upon cell lysis |
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