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Mr. D Pharmacology
Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) divides into | Somatic and Visceral |
| Somatic division uses | Voluntary: Skeletal muscles |
| Visceral division (Autonomic Nervous System [ANS])uses | Involuntary: Smooth and Cardiac muscles |
| Visceral system (ANS) is divided into the | Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Sympathetic response is | Fight or Flight (or Freeze) |
| Parasympathetic response is | Rest and Digest |
| Which division of the ANS is the default state of the body? | Parasympathetic |
| What is the main neurotransmitter of the Sympathetic nervous system? | Norepinephrine (NE) |
| What is the main neurotransmitter of the Parasympathetic nervous system? | Acetylcholine (ACH) |
| Where does Norepinephrine (NE) come from? | Nerve endings of the Sympathetic nervous system. Nor=neuron Epi=above nephrine=kidney |
| Where does Epinephrine (EPI) come from? | Adrenal glands on top of the kidneys. Epi=above nephrine=kidney |
| Is epinephrine a hormone? | Yes |
| Is norepinephrine a hormone? | No |
| Will the sympathetic nervous respond to epinephrine (EPI) | Yes |
| Sympathetic effect on the Adrenal Medulla | Release of Epinephrine (EPI) |
| Parasympathetic effect on Adrenal Medulla | Nothing |
| Sympathetic effect on Arteries | Vasoconstriction (exceptions are the coronoary arteries to the heart and skeletal muscles which are dilated) |
| Parasympathetic effect on Arteries | Most arteries are not supplied by parasympathetic nerves |
| Sympathetic effect on Blood Pressure | Increase BP |
| Parasympathetic effect on Blood Pressure | Decrease BP |
| Sympathetic effect on the Heart | Increases contractility |
| Parasympathetic effect on the Heart | Decreases contractility |
| Sympathetic effect on Heart Rate (HR) | HR increase |
| Parasympathetic effect on Heart Rate (HR) | HR decrease |
| Sympathetic effect on Peristalsis and Digestion | Decreased Motility and Secretions |
| Parasympathetic effect on Peristalsis and Digestion | Increased Motility and Secretions |
| Sympathetic effect on the Eye | Pupils Dilate |
| Parasympathetic effect on the Eye | Pupils Constrict |
| Sympathetic effect on Lungs | Broncho-Dilation |
| Parasympathetic effect on Lungs | Broncho-Constriction |
| Sympathetic effect on Bladder | Relaxation |
| Parasympathetic effect on Bladder | Constriction |
| Sympathetic effect on the Urinary Sphincter | Contraction |
| Parasympathetic effect on the Urinary Sphincter | Relaxation |
| Sympathetic effect on Smooth Muscle | Constriction |
| Parasympathetic effect on Smooth Muscle | Relaxation |
| Where is Smooth Muscle located? | Every organ: intestine lining, bladder, uterus, ureter, veins, arteries, lungs, mucous membranes... |
| Sympathetic receptor site | Adrenergic Receptor Site |
| Parasympathetic receptor site | Cholinergic Receptor Site |
| Beta 1 receptor sites are located in | Cardiac muscles (Heart) only |
| Beta 2 receptor sites are located in | Smooth muscles |
| Alpha receptor sites are located in | Smooth muscles of the Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, and Blood Vessels. |
| As people age the production of ACH | Decreases |
| A decrease in the production of ACH may cause | Constipation |
| Alzheimer's Disease might be attributed to a lack of | ACH |
| Stress and Anxiety can activate the | Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Prolonged activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System (stress/anxiety) can cause | Weight Gain, Increased Blood Pressure, and Hypertension |
| Meth and Cocaine are considered | Sympathomimetics (resemble EPI) |
| Effects of Meth | Appetite Suppressed, weight loss, teeth loss (due to enamel strip), temporary drug induced schitzophrenia |
| What type of relationship does the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System have with each other? | Inverse relationship (negative). As one goes up the other goes down. As one gown down the other will go up. Always seeking equilibrium (balance). |
| Visceral is a Latin for | Internal |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | Chemical Messenger. A substance that stimulates internal organs to produce characteristic changes associated with sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| Role of Serotonin | Mood, Appetite, Libido, Sleep, and Arousal (wakefulness) |
| Role of Dopamine | Limbic system (reward), voluntary decision making, Motor (skeletal) Muscle movement. Acts as a vasodilator. Inhibits NE. |
| Role of Norepinephrine (NE) | Increases Blood Pressure, Increases Heart Rate, Increase Anxiety States, Increase Manic State, and affects mood |
| What happens when NE levels are high? | Possible Mania, Cardiac Problems, and Schizophrenia |
| Role of Acetylcholine (ACH) | sleep, arousal, pain perception, modulation and coordination of movement and memory retention |
| What happens when ACH levels are high? | Possible Depression |
| The parasympathetic division is more active during digestion and elimination of waste products and when the body is at | rest |
| NE does not stimulate | Beta 2 receptor sites |
| EPI stimulates | Beta 1, Beta 2, and Alpha receptor sites |
| Adrenergic receptors accept | NE and EPI |
| Adrenergic receptors are classified as | Beta-adrenergic or Alpha-adrenergic |
| Alpha-adrenergic receptors are found mainly on | Smooth muscle membranes: small arteries, capillaries, and small vessels |
| Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs are used to clinically cause | Vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
| In hypotensive states, drugs such as norepinephrine, and metaraminol, are given by IV injection to | Raise Blood Pressure |
| Levophed | Norepinephrine |
| Mimetics | do the same as the real thing (mimic) |
| Lytics | slow down effects (inhibit) |
| Blockers | act as antagonist (interferes with drugs or substance from producing a drug effect) |
| Alpha adrenaline blocking drugs are used clinically to | Lower Blood Pressure in Hypertension and Increase Urine Flow in benign pro static hyperplasia |
| Alpha drugs are usually administered | orally |
| Common adverse effects of alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs include: | Nasal Congestion, Blurred Vision due to pupil constriction, increased GI activity |
| Excessive lowering of blood pressure may cause: | hypotension, fainting, and reflex tachycardia |
| Prazosin | Minipress |
| Prazoson(Minipress) is a | Alpha-Adrenergic Blocker |
| Prazosin(Minipress) is used to treat | high blood pressure. It works by relaxing blood vessels. |
| Doxazosin | Cardura |
| Doxazosin(Cardura) is a | Alpha-Adrenergic Blocker |
| Doxazosin(Cardura) is used to treat | symptoms of enlarged prostate in men, and high blood pressure. It works by relaxing muscles in prostate, bladder, and blood vessels. |
| Beta-Adrenergic drugs are used clinically to | Stimulate the heart. Bronchodilation. Relax uterus during preterm labor. |
| Selective Beta-2 adrenergic drugs are usually administered by | oral inhalation for the control of Asthma |
| Epinephrine is injected sub Q in | allergic and cardiac emergencies |
| Dopamine | Intropin |
| Epinephrine | Adrenaline |
| Both Dopamin(Intropin) and Epinephrine(Adrenaline) are | Beta-adrenergic drugs |
| Norepinephrine(Levophed) is a | Alpha-adrenergic drug |
| Both Prazoson(Minipress) and Doxazosin(Cardura) are | Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs |
| Propranolol(Inderal) | Beta-Adrenergic (Nonselective) Blocking Drug |
| Atenolol(Tenormin) | Beta-Adrenergic (Selective Beta-1) Blocking Drugs |
| Epinephrine(Adrenaline) is classified as a | Alpha-adrenergic agonist and Beta-adrenergic agonist. Sympathomimetic agents. |
| Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are used for their | Beta-1 blocking activity |
| Beta-1-adrenergic blocking drugs are used to treat | Hypertension. Angina Pectoris. Tachycardia. After a myocardial infarction (MI) to reduce mortality. |
| The most serious adverse effect of beta blocking drugs | reduced heart function (bradycardia). May lead to congestive heart failure or cardiac arrest |
| In asthmatics, non selective beta-adrenergic blockers may cause | Bronchoconstriction |
| Propranolol | Inderal |
| Propranolol(Inderal) warning | May cause heart attack or chest pain if stopped suddenly. |
| Propranolol(Inderal) is used to treat | High blood pressure. Abnormal heart rhythms. Heart Disease. Prevents Angina and prevents migraine headache. |
| Propranolol(Inderal) works by | relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate to improve blood flow and decrease blood pressure. |
| Atenolol | Tenormin |
| Atenolol(Tenormin) warning | May cause heart attack, chest pain, or irregular heartbeat if stopped suddenly. |
| Atenolol(Tenormin) is used to treat | High blood pressure. Prevent angina. Improve survival after a heart attack. |
| Atenolol(Tenormin) works by | Relaxing blood vessels and slowing heart rate to improve blood flow and decrease blood pressure. |
| NE and EPI are inactivated by | reuptake and metabolism by Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) |
| Alpha receptor stimulation causes | Vasoconstriction and Pupil Dilation |
| Adverse affects of Alpha-adrenergic drugs | excessive vasoconstriction which leads to hypertension and excessive dryness of the eyes and nasal sinuses |
| Overstimulation with Beta-adrenergic drugs can cause | excessive cardiac stimulation and increased blood pressure |
| Adrenergic drugs can cause CNS stimulation resulting in | Tremors, Restlessness, and Anxiety |
| Adrenergic neuronal blockers decrease the synthesis and release of | Norepinephrine |
| Sympathomimetic | Stimulates the Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Sympatholytic | Slows down or inhibits the Sympathetic Nervous System |
| Parasympathomimetic | Stimulates the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Parasympatholytic | Slows down or inhibits the Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| 3 types of Cholinergic receptors | Muscarnic, Nicotinic, and Nicotinic-Neutral |
| Cholinergic crisis | Too much ACH. Respiratory paralysis. Common among farmers who get sprayed by crop dusters. |
| Adverse effects of Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs | Hupotension, sluggish feeling, and dizzy spells |
| There are no specific therapeutic indications for blocking | Beta-2 Receptors |
| Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs affect | Carbohydrate and Lipid metabolism. |
Created by:
Sanctus Verus
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