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Biology
vocab words
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acid | any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water |
| Base | any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water |
| What is the function of enzymes | to speed up the rate by lowering the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started |
| " Lock and Key" | the enzyme attaches to a specific substrate that reattaches its active site and the enzyme slight changes to start the reaction, after the reaction the enzyme releases the products |
| Passive Transport | substances that can cross the cell membrane without any input of energy by the cell |
| What does "with the concentration gradient" refer to | going from a low concentration to a high concentration |
| Active Transport | movement of chemical substances |
| What does "down the concentration gradient" refer to | going from a high concentration to a low concentration |
| What is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell | Eukaryotic contains cytoplasm with organelles while prokaryotic has no membrane organelles which are independent of the plasma membrane |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | "highway" |
| Golgi Apparatus | Another system of flattened mebranous sacs. |
| Ribosome | Organelles made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
| Lysosome | vessicles that bud from from the Golgi Apparatus and contain the digestive enzymes. |
| Mitochondria | tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP |
| Chloroplast | use light Energy to make carbohydrates |
| Cell Memrbane | allows only certain molecules to enter or leave the cell |
| Nucleus | the site where DNA is concentrated when in the process of making RNA |
| Vacuole | stores metabolic wastes and other materials |
| DNA | - double stranded - monomers : nucleotides -phosphate groupp -deoxyribose - adenine : thymine - cytosine : guanine |
| RNA | - single stranded - monomers : nucleotides - phosphate group - ribose - adenine : uracil - cytosine : guanine |
| Transcription | DNA is copied onto a complementary strand of RNA (mRNA), occurs in the nucleus |
| Translation | the message carried by mRNA is decoded and a protein is made, occurs in the nucleus |
| Function of mRNA | to carry the genetic "message" from the nucleus to the cytosol |
| Function of tRNA | to carry specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides |
| PKU | infant brain fails to develop normally |
| Cystic Fibrosis | mucus clogs lungs and pancreas |
| Down Syndrome | mild to severe mental retardation |
| Tay-Sachs | deterioration of central nervous system in infancy |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | organ damage due to impaired blood flow |
| Huntington's Disease | gradual deterioration of brain tissue in middle age |
| ALD | dont make an enzyme that breaks down fatty acids, which inhibit the nerves ability to conduct impulses |
| Protein | -monomer : amino acid -function (s) : control the rate of cellular reactions - examples : enzymes, muscles |
| Carbohydrate | -monomer : monosaccharide -function (s) : daily energy source -examples : fruit, veggies |
| Lipids | -monomer : 3 fatty acids, 1 glycerol -function (s) : structural component of cell membranes, stored energy -examples : fats, waxes |
| Nucleic Acid | -monomer : nucleotide -function (s) : protein synthesis -examples : DNA, RNA |
| Photosynthesis | -Function : to convert light energy into chemical energy -Location : chloroplast -Reactants : 6CO2 + 6H2O -Products: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -Equation : 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6CO2 |
| Cellular Respiration | -Function : cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds -Location: mitochondria -Reactants :C6H12O6 + 6O2 -Products : 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENZYME (ATP) -Equation : C6H1206 + 6O2 + 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENZYME (ATP) |
| Who won a Nobel Prize in 1962 ? | Watson and Crick |
| As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the parent cell during cytokinesis | receives exactly half the chromosomes from the parent cell |
| Mitosis is the process by which | a cell's nucleus divides |
| What is one difference between mitotic cell division in plants and mitotic cell division in animals ? | a cell plate divides the cytoplasm in plants but not in animals |
| A cell in the stem tip of a corn plant contains 20 chromosomes. After this cell divides, how many chromosomes should each resulting daughter cell contain ? | 20 |
| The scientific study of heredity is called | genetics |
| The "father" of genetics was | Gregor Mendel |
| Mendel obtained his P generation by allowing the plants to | cross-pollinate |
| Separation of homologues occurs during | meiosis 1 |
| The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 1 of meiosis is that | chromatids do not separate at the centromere in anaphase 1 |
| When crossing-over takes place, chromosomes | exchange corresponding segments of DNA |
| What is a chromosomal mutation ? | any event that changes genetic structure |
| What are some factors that could cause the change in the DNA molecule ? | mutagens |
| What is a mutation and how is it passed on ? | a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule through the offspring |
| Which statement correctly describes the normal number and type of chromosomes present in human body cells of a particular sex ? | males have 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes known as X Y |
| Traits controlled by genes on the X- chromosome and 1 pair of sex chromosomes known as X Y. | sex-linked |
| There are multiple alleles for the ABO blood group. Why are there only two of those alleles normally present in any one individual ? | each parent contributes only one allele for the ABO blood group to the offspring |
| All the genes in a given population which can be inherited constitute a | gene pool |
| In which hereditary disease do the abnormal hemoglobin molecules differ from the normal hemoglobin molecules by only a single amino acid ? | sickle-cell anemia |
| The mutation rates in Drosophila will most likely increase after exposure to | ultraviolet radiation |
| Which of the following describes hemophilia ? | sex-linked trait |
| The use of genetic engineering to transfer human genes into bacteria | allows the bacteria to produce human proteins |
| Cloning in a process by which | many identical cells may be produced |
| Plasmids | are circular pieces of bacterial DNa, can replicate independently of the organism's main chromosome, and are often used s vectors in genetic engineering experiments |
| Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA molecules | from two different species |
| This area has 10 to 30 inches of rainfall annually. The growing season does not produce trees, but the soil is rich and well-suited for growing domesticated plants such as wheat and corn. Grazing animals are found here. | Grassland |
| Which two groups of organisms are most likely to be pioneer organisms ? | lichens and algae |
| Which processes are involved in the water cycle ? | transpiration, evaporation, and condensation |
Created by:
giselle_nicolee
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