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Biology Chapter 6
A Tour of the Cell - Basic Unit of Life
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cytology (Cyto = Cell#logy = Study) | The study of cells |
| Cell Theory | 1. All organisms are composed of cells.. 2. All metabolic reactions take place in cells.. 3. All cells contain hereditary units(genes) that are passed on to the next generation.. 4. All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Microscopy (Micro = Small#scopy = see) | The use of microscopes |
| Metric Units Used in Microscopy | 1. Micron(Micrometer).. 2. Nanometer |
| Micron(micrometer) | |U or |Um, 1/10^6 or 1/1,000,000 of a meter, Micra(pl) |
| Nanometer | nm, 1/10^9 or 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter |
| Limitations of Cell Size | 1. Surface Area/Volume Ratio.. 2. Nuclear Capacity |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio Limitation | High SA/Vol ratio is important in the exchange of materials with their surroundings. As volume increase, SA/Vol ratio decreases |
| Nuclear Capacity | As the size of the cell increases, the distance of the nucleus from the other parts of the cell increases making it harder for the nucleus to interact with the other parts of the cell(some cells add a nucleus when the cell gets to large) |
| Basic Features That All Cells Have In Common | 1. Plasma membrane.. 2. Genetic Material.. 3. Cytoplasm.. 4. Cytosol.. 5. Ribosomes |
| Plasma Membrane | The membrane enclosing the cytoplasm, functions as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire volume of the cell |
| Genetic Material | Have DNA/RNA which is contained in a nucleus(only in eukaryotic cells) or located in an area called the nucleoid(only in prokaryotic cells) |
| Cytoplasm | The interior of a cell |
| Cytosol | Semi-fluid, jellylike substance within the plasma membrane in which cellular components are suspended |
| Ribosomes | Particles made of RNA and protein, carry out protein synthesis, not enclosed in membrane |
| Cell Types | 1. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic.. 2. Multicellar vs. Unicellular |
| Prokaryotic Cell Basic Components | Domains: Bacteria and Archea.. Unicellular.. Plasma Membrane.. Cytosol(fluid jelly).. Nucleoid.. DNA.. Ribosomes(contain RNA).. Cytoplasm.. Some have flagella.. Most have cell walls |
| Nucleoid | The region in which the DNA is concentrated in a prokaryotic cell, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell |
| Eukaryotic Cell Basic Components | Domain: Eukarya.. Both Uni and Multicellular.. Plasma membrane.. Cytosol(fluid jelly).. Nucleus.. Nuclear membrane.. DNA.. Ribosomes.. Cytoplasm.. Nucleolus(produce ribosomes).. Flagella found in some members.. Contain organelles(membraneous) |
| Organelles (Little organs) | Parts of cells, subcellular structures, separated from the cytosol by membranes. **Compartmentalizes/Specializes |
| Nucleus | Contains most of the genes in the cell and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. Controls heredity, metabolism, growth, cell division, "brain of the cell". Also contains.. 1. DNA/RNA.. 2. Chromatin.. 3. Chromosomes.. 4. Histones.. 5. Nucleolus(i).. |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane enclosing the nucleus, continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER), perforated by nuclear pores |
| DNA/RNA | Nucleic acids |
| Chromatin | Loose, unwound, threadlike form of DNA. Complex of material consisting of DNA(-) and proteins(+)(histones) that make up chromosomes; visible in dividing cells as individual chromosomes. Normal active protein that is seen when the cell is not dividing |
| Chromosomes | Tight, condensed form of DNA only visible in preparation of and during cell division. "Tightly packed DNA, wound". |
| Histones | Positively charged globular proteins that organize and package DNA |
| Nucleolus(i) | Non membranous organelle involved in the production of ribosomes, only is visible in a non-dividing nucleus. Not enclosed in memebrane |
| Ribosomes | Particle like organelles made of RNA and protein; site of protein synthesis. Not enclosed in membrane. Two kinds... 1. Free ribosomes.. 2. Bound ribosomes |
| Free Ribosomes | Ribosomes suspended in cytosol. Produces proteins that are needed in that location. Not attached |
| Bound Ribosomes | Ribosomes attached to the outside of the nuclear envelope or endoplasmic reticulum. Produces proteins that will enter into the ER for transport |
| Endomembrane System | Extensive network of membranes inside the cell. Some parts of this system include... 1. Nuclear envelope.. 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum.. 3. Golgi apparatus.. 4. Lysosomes.. 5. Various kinds of vacuoles |
| Vesicle | Sac made of membrane |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) | Extensive network of membranes; highly folded; creates tubules and sacs that separate into various compartments. Two kinds of ER... 1. Rough ER.. 2. Smooth ER |
| Cisternae | Tubules and sacs(compartments) of the ER |
| Lumen(Cysternal Space) | Cavity formed by the cisternae, also called cysternal space. Is separated from the cytosol by the cysternal membrane |
| Transport Vesiscles | Vesicles in the transit from one part of the cell to another |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(RER) | Has ribosomes that are enbedded in the membrane. Assists in protein production. Secretes proteins(Secretory Proteins) made by ribosomes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(SER) | Lacks ribosomes in the membrane. Has nothing to do with proteins. Produces lipids and detoxes drugs and poisons. Liver contains lots of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Golgi Apparatus(GA) | Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and some manufacturing. "Stacks of sacs(cisternae)". Produces carbohydrates(polysaccharides). Sends stuff for shipping. Has two faces... 1. Cis face.. 2. Trans face |
| Cis Face | Receiving side of GA, located near the ER. Receives transport vesiscles |
| Trans Face | Shipping side of GA, pinches off transport vesicles. |
| Lysosomes | Membranous sacs containing over 40 different hydrolytic enzymes(for digestion). "Suicide sack", "stomach of cell". Breaks down ingested substances and cell macromolecules and breaks down damaged organelles and cells for recycling |
| Phagocytosis (Eat|cell) | Engulfment of food particles or smaller cells by means of pseudopods(means false feet) |
| Autophagy (Self|Eat) | When lysosomes use their own hydrolytic enzymes to recycle the cell's organic material |
| Vacoules(Large vesiscles) | Large membranous bound organelle for digestion, storage, water balance, growth, etc. |
| Food Vacoules | Formed when cells engulf food particles or smaller organisms by endocytosis, could store food or fuse with lysosomes and transfer the stored food to the lysosome for digestion |
| Contractile Vacoule | Pumps excess water out of the cell to maintain suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell. "Water balance". Ex: paramecium |
| Central Vacoule | Found only in plant cells, allows plant cell to enlarge without disrupting the SA/Vol ratio, significant in water balance also. |
| Mitochondria | Site of cellular respiration. Produces ATP by burning glucose and oxygen(inhaled), this burns and produces CO2(exhaled), water, and ATP. "Powerhouse of the cell". Have their own DNA and ribosomes. Found in both plant and animal cells!!! |
| Membranes of the Mitochondria | 1. Boundary membrane(Outer membrane).. 2. Inner Membrane.. 3. Cristae(Folded up inner membrane).. 4. Mitchondrail Matrix(Inner compartment).. 5. Intermembrane Space(Space between the outer and inner membrane) |
| Plastids | An organelle that is only found in plant cells. A family of closely related plant organelles. Three main plastids... 1. Chloroplasts.. 2. Amyloplasts.. 3. Chromoplasts |
| Chloroplasts | Found in only plant cells and is the site of photosynthesis. Produces glucose through photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll(green pigment). Have their own DNA and ribosomes. |
| Photosynthesis (Light|Make) | CO2 + H2O + Solar Energy(Absorbed from Sun) makes Glucose + Oxygen(O2) |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment important in capturing solar energy |
| Thylakoids | Flattened, interconnected sacs inside the chloroplast. "Stacks of sacs" |
| Granum(a) | The name for an individual stack of thylakoids |
| Stroma | The fluid outside thylakoids, this fluid contains the chloroplast's DNA and ribosomes as well as enzymes |
| Intermembrane Space | Space between membranes |
| Amyloplast | Plastids found in only plant cells which store starch(amylose), particularly in roots and tubers |
| Chromoplast | Plastids only found in plant cells which contain nonphotosynthetic pigments which are other than green, gives fruits and flowers their color |
| Peroxisomes | Contains specialized enzymes which remove H atoms from other molecules and transfer them to oxygen; produces toxic hydrogen peroxide as a product. Detoxes alcohol. Many peroxisomes are found in the liver |
| Catalase = Peroxidase | Enzyme which breaks down hydrogen peroxide |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Organizes structures and activities in cell. Maintains cells shape, anchors organelles, provides support and motility(movement withing cell and helps to move the whole cell) |
| 3 Main Components of the Cytoskeleton | These are all proteins... 1. Mircotubules(Hollow tubes, largest).. 2. Microfilaments(Thread like, smallest).. 3. Intermediate Filaments(Thicker threadlike fibers, medium of the 3) |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes consisting of proteins called tubulin. Give cell shape "Girders and Cables", assists in vesicle transport by providing "tracks" for motor proteins(claw) that carry vesicles, and arrange in patterns to make other structures, resists compressio |
| Centrosomes | A region which is only found in plant cells in which microtubules grow out from. Assembles microtubules. Called the MTOC(Microtubule Organizing Center) |
| Centriole | A pair of structures that is located in the centrosome in animal cells at right angles to each other, each of them organized as the 9 Radial Triplet array of microtubules. Only found in animal cells, they form the spindle for cell division |
| Cilia and Flagella | Fiber like structures found only in animal cells that are made of microtubules organized in the 9 + 2 array of microtubules. Provide Motility. Paramecium move with cillia, euglena and human sperm move with flagella |
| Basal Body | A structure found in only animal cells that is anchored into the plasma membrane, cilia and flagella emerge here. Pattern of microtubule organization in 9 Radial Triplet like the centriole |
| Microfilament | A solid, threadlike protein made of contractile protein actin(thin) or myosin(thick). Stretches and contracts. "elastic" |
| Pseudopodia | Cellular extensions found only in animal cells formed by microfilaments, "false feet". White blood cells and amoeba use these |
| Ameboid Movement | Crawling or creeping motion by using pseudopodia. Made possible by microfilaments |
| Cytoplasmic Streaming | Circular flow of the cytoplasm within cells, made possible by microfilaments |
| Microvillus(i) (Micro = small*Villi = finger) | Small, cellular finger like extensions formed by microfilaments, produced to increase surface area which is important in Absorption(In) and Secretion(Out). Many microvilli are found in cells located in the intestine(small). |
| Intermediate Filaments | Between the size of microtubules and microfilaments. Anchors organelles into position. Holds organelles in place, like a surrounding cage. Perform a process called "caging" |
| Extra Cellular | Components that are found outside the plasma membrane that are still important in the survival of the cell |
| Cell Walls | An extracellular structure made of cellulose that is not found in animal cells or protozoans(animal like cells). Found in plant cells, algae, and fungi. Provides support and shape for the cell |
| Primary Cell Wall | A relatively thin and flexible wall that a young plant cell first secretes |
| Middle Lamela | A thin layer of sticky polysaccharides(called pectins) that are found between the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells holding the cells together |
| Secondary Cell Wall | This wall is secreted between the plasma membrane and the primary wall, this is often deposited in many laminated layers and has a strong and durable martrix that affords the cell protection and support |
| Extracellular Matrix(ECM) | Collection of adhesive proteins. Made of glycoproteins(proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates) and carbohydrates of animal cells. Collagen is a major component and the most abundant glycoprotein of the ECM |
| Collagen | A glycoprotein that is a major component of the ECM and accounts for half the proteins in the human body |
| Integrins | Surface receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane and are in a position to transmit changes between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cells |
| Cell Junctions | Necessary in cells to communicate with and interact with adjacent cells. |
| Plant Cell junctions | Called Plasmodesmata, membrane lined channels(connections) filled with cytoplasm between cells of plant tissues that allows exchange of materials between plant cells |
| Animal Cell Junctions | 3 Main types of animal cell junctions... 1. Tight junctions.. 2. Desmosomes.. 3. Gap junctions |
| Tight Junctions | Plasma membranes of neighboring cells are pressed up against each other, forming seals in animal tissues. Skin cells form tight junctions. Weak junction. Prevents leakage in tissue |
| Desmosomes(Anchoring Junctions) | Anchoring junctions that function like rivets fastening cells together into strong sheets in animal tissues. Strong junctions. Muscle cells use Desmosones |
| Gap Junctions(Communication Junctions) | Membrane proteins surround a pore through which ions, sugars and amino acids and other small molecules can pass. Necessary for communication and exchange of materials between animal cells in a tissue |
| Organelles Found in just Plant Cells | 1. Chloroplast.. 2. Amyloplasts.. 3. Chromoplast.. 4. Cell Wall.. 5. Central Vacouole |
| Organelles Found in Just Animal Cells | 1. Centriole.. 2. Basal Body.. 3. Cilium and Flagella.. 4. Pseudopodia |
Created by:
TimBiology1
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