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Earth/Space Science
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Igneous | Crystallized and frozen magma or lava |
| Sedimentary | Compacted and weathered combination of Igneous rock |
| Metamorphic | Rock that changed form from heat and pressure |
| Felsic | Lighter rock, made from feldspar and silica |
| Mafic | Darker rock, made from magnesium and iron |
| Intermediate | Half light and half dark rock |
| Ultramafic | Greenish rock |
| Clastic | Eroded pieces of other rocks |
| Biochemical | Chemical or organic rock |
| Foliated | Rock that shows a preferred orientation, banded |
| Non-Foliated | Rock with no preferred orientation, minerals interlock |
| Parent Rock | Rock before heat and pressure |
| Volcano | Any place where an opening in the crust ejects lava |
| Magma | Molten rock that is underground |
| Felsic Magma | High viscosity(thick) magma |
| Mafic Magma | Low viscosity(fluid) magma |
| Lava | Molten rock on the surface |
| Aa | Blocky felsic lava |
| Pahoehoe | Ropey mafic lava |
| High Viscosity | Thick with explosive eruption |
| Low Viscosity | Fluid with passive eruption |
| Volcanic Tephra | Solid particles expelled during an eruption |
| Rift Eruption | Passive underwater eruption |
| Subduction Eruption | Violent eruption on a trench |
| Hot Spot Eruption | Mostly passive eruption cause by a thermal plume |
| Cinder + Composite Cone | Violent, large, felsic volcano type |
| Shield Cone | Passive, small, mafic volcano type |
| Nuee Ardente | Fiery hot gas cloud |
| Lahar | Hot mudflow |
| Batholith | Large underground pool of magma |
| Stock | Extension of batholith |
| Laccolith | Mushroom shaped pool of magma creating a bulge |
| Sill | Horizontal layer of magma |
| Dike | Vein of magma not reaching the surface |
| Feeder Dike | Dike leading into bodies of magma |
| Volcanic Neck | Connects batholith to volcano |
| Earthquake | Vibration in the ground |
| Focus | Point where seismic energy originates |
| Fault | Fracture in the Earth's surface where movement occurs |
| Epicenter | Point on Earth's surface above the focus |
| P Waves | Primary in an earthquake, push and pulls, travels through all mediums |
| S Waves | Secondary in an earthquake, side to side, travels through solids |
| L Waves | Last in an earthquake, up to down, product of P and S waves |
| Mercalli Scale | Rates earthquakes based on people's experience |
| Richter Scale | Rates earthquakes with every increase of 1 being 32 times stronger |
| Crust | Outermost layer of Earth, thinnest layer |
| Mantle | 2nd layer of Earth, thickest layer |
| Outer Core | 1st layer of Earth's core, liquid iron and nickel |
| Inner Core | Innermost layer of Earth, liquid iron and nickel |
| Orogenesis | Mountain building |
| Active Margin | Occurs along plate boundaries |
| Passive Margin | Does not occur along plate boundaries |
| Fault Block | Result of normal, reverse, or strike-slip fault |
| Graben | Lower fault block |
| Horst | Upper fault block |
| Normal Fault | Outer blocks slide away from middle block |
| Reverse Fault | Outer blocks push inward to middle block |
| Strike-Slip Fault | Blocks slide past each other |
| Folding | Bending of sedimentary strata |
| Anticline | Upfold in sedimentary strata |
| Syncline | Downfold in sedimentary strata |
| Dip | Steepness of a fold |
| Strike | Direction of an exposed fold |
| Dome | Bulge or hill resulting from laccolith |
| Complex Mountain | Mountain resulting from two or more different types |
| Erosion | The weathering and transportation of rock |
| Deposition | The placement of eroded particles |
| Bed Load | Largest load in running water |
| Suspension Load | Medium load in running water |
| Dissolved Load | Smallest load in running water |
| Youthful Stream | Stream channel is straight, river is down-cutting, steep gradient |
| Mature Stream | Stream channel starts to meander, midway through its life |
| Old Stream | Stream with extensive meandering, oxbow lakes and cutoffs |
| Dendritic | Stream channel looking like tree roots |
| Trellis | Stream channel that is long and parallel |
| Oxbow | Stream cuts itself off creating a U shaped lake |
| Glacier | A moving river of ice |
| Alpine Glacier | Also named a valley glacier, found in mountains |
| Continental Glacier | Also named an Icecap Glacier, found on flatter land |
| Till | Unsorted debris deposited directly by a glacier |
| Moraine | Ridge of glacial till showing glacial advance |
| Terminal Moraine | Moraine marking the end of glacial advance |
| Lateral Moraine | Moraines marking the sides of a glacier |
| Arete | Narrow ridge of rock dividing two glaciers |
| Medial Moraine | Moraine dividing two merged glaciers |
| Horn | Pyramid shaped peak caused by a glacier |
| Hanging Valley | An elevated glacial valley market by waterfalls |
| Cirque | Bowl shaped depression where glacier begins |
| Tarn | Lake in cirque that is land-locked |
| Pater Noster Lake | A chain of lakes in a cirque |
| Ground Moraine | Moraine deposited under a glacier during glacial advance |
| Recessional Moraine | Moraine that marks a retreating glacier |
| Esker | Meandering ridge of glacial till |
| Drumlin | Oval shaped hill with one steep slope and one gentle slope pointing in direction of glacial advance |
| Kame | Small round hill in a ground moraine |
| Kettle | depression formed by piece of glacier breaking off and burying underground |
| Kettle Lake | Kettle filled with water |
| Outwash Plain | Flat area beyond glacier formed by the melting of glacier |
| Landslide | Fastest wasting event which drops at cliffs |
| Talus | Material deposited by landslides |
| Mudflow | Landslide with an excess of water |
| Slump | Large section of landslides along a fracture |
| Creep | Slowest mass wasting effect formed by freezing and unfreezing of soil |
| Deflation | Particles removed by wind |
| Loess | Wind blown sedimentary rock deposit |
| Dunes | Loose accumulations of sand and silt deposited by wind |
| Parabolic | Crescent shaped dune pointing with the wind |
| Barchan | Crescent shaped dune pointing against the wind |
| Longitudinal | Long stranded dunes with converging winds and liminted sand |
| Transverse | Dunes made with large amounts of sand and steady winds |
| Troposphere | Lowest layer of atmosphere, most action occurs |
| Stratosphere | Second lowest layer of atmosphere, sun rays increase temperature |
| Mesosphere | Second highest layer of atmosphere, ionsphere begins |
| Thermosphere | Highest atmospheric layer |
| Specific Humidity | Measure of actual amount of moisture in g/kg |
| Air Capacity | Maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature |
| Relative Humidity | Comparison of the specific humidity to the air capacity, represented as a percent |
| Cirrus | High wispy clouds made from ice crystals |
| Stratus | Medium to low clouds, layered, made from ice or water |
| Cumulus | Medium to low clouds, vertically formed(heaped), made from ice or water |
| Alto | Clouds with medium altitude |
| Nimbo/Nimbus | Shows cloud brings precipitation |
| Bergeron Process | Clouds droplet goes to the top, is super cooled, evaporates, deposits, then falls |
| Air Pressure | Force per unit area of a column of air pushing down on a surface, measured in millibars or inches, affected by altitude, humidity, and temperature |
| Pressure Gradient Force | Air pressure applied over a slope, cause of wind |
| Coriolis Effect | Apparent bending of wind due to Earth's rotation |
| Air Mass | Forms when mass of air sits in one area for an extended period of time acquiring the characteristics of the surface beneath it |
| Front | Boundary between two air masses, strength determined by temperature difference |
| Stationary Front | Front that does not move |
| Occluded Front | Cold air mass picks warm air mass off the ground causing cyclones |
| Cold Front | Cold air pushes under warm front(violent) |
| Warm Front | Warm air pushes over cold air |
| Conservation of Angular Momentum | You cannot create or destroy momentum, it changes form: I=M*V |
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