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Final Review 2014

Study cards for the CP Biology final exam.

QuestionAnswer
Centromere The region where two sister chromatids are connected.
Sister chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome connected during Prophase and Metahase of mitosis.
Prophase and Metaphase Phases of mitosis when sister chromatids are connected.
The cell carries out regular metabolic activities. Interphase of the cell cycle
Interphase consists of G1, S and G2 phases
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell... during Metaphse of the mitosis.
Cell plate Shows during cytokinesis in plant cells; not found in animal cells.
Malignant tumor a mass of cancer cells
Meiosis makes haploid cells
Gametes have half the number of chromosomes as in body cells.
Crossing-over rarely occurs in mitosis because tetrad do not form; tetrads form during meiosis.
The phase during the cell cycle when DNA is replicated. S phase of Interphase
What phases are in the cell cycle? G1, G2, and M (mitotic phase)
The cell cycle is a series of events from "birth" to reproduction of a cell.
Two main stages of the mitotic phase mitosis and cytokinesis
Phases of mitosis prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase first phase of mitosis
Cancer is a disease where some cells lose the ability to control cell division.
Mitosis makes two, genetically identical cells. Meiosis makes... four genetically different cells.
Gametes are made by what cell division process? Meiosis
Crossing-over happens when... homologous chromosomes exchange segments.
According to Mendel, traits are inherited through passing of factors from parents to offspring.
Two genes are not likely to be inherited together if... they are located far apart on the same chromosome.
Principles of probability can be used to predict the traits of the offspring produced in a genetic cross.
When plants with genotypes (Tt x TT) are crossed, what can be predicted about the offspring? All would be expected to be tall (Tt or TT)
Principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits will separate independent of each other during gamete foramtion
Cross a black chicken with a white chicken and the offspring will be "blue". What type of inheritance pattern is this? Intermediate inheritance
Human skin color variation results from what pattern of inheritance? Polygenic inheritance
Independent assortment work on ... chromosomes
A Punnett square showing the predicted results of a crossing for two traits shows which of Mendel's principles? The principle of independent assortment
The F1 plants resulting from Mendel's crossing true breeding tall with a true breeding short plant will get ... Each will get a tall allele and a short allele
P TT x tt F1 Tt x Tt What would ahppen tot eh F2 plants if Mendel's principle of segregation did NOT happen? the F2 plants would all be tall
Cross two adults both heterozygous (Aa)for pigmentation. They produce an albino (aa) offspring. Which of Mendel's principlesa re demonstrated? Principles of dominance and segregation
If the genes for seed color (yellow is dominant) and seed shape (round is dominant) were linked, what would happen? the F2 plants would have shown different phenotype ratios fro both traits.
A hybrids is the result of crossing parents of different true breeding forms of a trait.
Mendel crossed true breeding purple and true breeding white flowered plants. All the F1 were purple... the allele for purple flower is dominant
Green colored seeds (recessive) will show up when only when no dominant allele for seed color (yellow) is present.
Homozygous genotype when both alleles for a trait are the identical.
A Punnett square will NOT show the actual results of a genetic cross.
Two genes are on the same chromosome and rarely assort independently. Genes are probably located far apart on the chromosome.
Mendel removed the stamen (male parts) of the pea plant flowers in order to prevent... self-fertilizing
P generation = true breeding tall crossed with true breeding short What's the probability F2 any F2 plant will be tall? 3/4 or 75%
One of the DNA nucleotides deoxyribose - phosphate group - cytosine
DNA replication Each new molecule has one new strand and one original strand.
DNA strand with sequence: C T A G G T What is the complementary DNA strand? G A T C C A
Three codons make.. three amino acids
Transcription makes what? an RNA molecule
Anti-codon on the tRNA and codon on the mRNA determine ... the next type of amino acid to be added to the polypeptide being made
DNA and RNA have what in common? Phosphate groups, guanine and cytosine
The process that copies DNA replication
The sugar in RNA ribose
RNA is different from DNA because RNA has this. uracil
rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA the types of RNA involved with making a protein.
mRNA is the blueprint for what? protein synthesis
A DNA molecule, histones and a chromosome are all found where? in the nucleus
One goal of the Human Genome Project is... to sequence the human genome
A normal human karyotpe has how many chromosomes? 46
An extra chromosome can be seen in a... karyotpe
Nondisjunction the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
An open circle in a pedigree represents... an unaffected female
Uses for a pedigree are determining a trait is inherited, how the trait is passed from generation to generation, and if the trait is dominant or recessive.
Factors that separate species include reproducing at different times, incompatible reproductive structures, and different behaviors
Geographic isolation when populations are kept apart by a physical barrier.
half-life the time required for half of a radioactive isotope to decay
Adaptive radiation when one, ancestral species has changed to different forms
the domains Eukarya, Archea and Eubacteria show fundamental differences between prokaryotes
The most recent geologic era in Earth's history Cenozoic era
A genus includes one or more related species
Derived characters are used to make a cladogram
Genus and species names used to make an organism's scientific name
the correct way to write a scientific name capitalize the first letter of the genus both genus and species are italicized
A long period of no changes interrupted by short periods of rapid change punctuated equilibrium
Restriction enzyme cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences leaving "sticky ends"
Using a restriction enzyme to cut out the gene from DNA First step in genetically engineering a bacteria to make a protein
Genetic modification a cell taking in DNA from another source
By using a bacterium Plant cells can be genetically modified
To make an animal clone, which cell types are used? An egg cell and the DNA from a body cell.
Recombinant DNA technology This combines DNA from different sources into one DNA molecule.
The study of specific genes is helped by knowing the sequence of an organism's DNA
A genetically modified bacterium has recombinant DNA, a plasmid and a foreign gene
To make a transgenic organism genetic modification is used
Using genetically engineered bacteria to produce human protein(s)is beneficial because genetically engineered bacteria can mass produce human proteins
A promoter sequence in DNA the binding site for RNA polymerase
Many of Darwin's observations happened in South America
Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands species that were similar to species found on the mainland but with traits well suited to their environment
The finches Darwin studied had adaptations in their beaks
On the basis of a common ancestor biologist would expect to find the number and location of bones to be similar between living organisms and some fossil organisms.
The possession of inherited adaptations well-suited to the environment According to Darwin, survival of an individual results from this.
All the combined alleles in a population. Gene pool
The ability to contribute to the gene pool of the next generation biological fitness
A pelvis and femur bones in a whale are examples of this. vestigial structures
Antibiotics medicines that kill or slow the growth of bacteria
Genetic drift changes in allele frequencies due to chance
When farmers select the animal and plants for breeding, they are choosing... traits that are value to humans
Created by: CraigC
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