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bio 101
chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that takes up space |
| Element | a pure unit of matter which has particular characteristics which cannot be changed by “normal” chemical means 90 are naturally occuring |
| Periodic Table | is a chart which represents all the known elements of the universe Arranged according to structure. Each column includes elements which have the same properties. |
| Bulk Elements | About 25 elements make up the majority of living objects The four most abundant elements in living organisms are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. |
| Minerals | |
| Trace Elements | ie: copper, iron -extremely small amounts -survival wouldn/t be sustainable w/o -used by enzymes & other molecules -power chemical reactions in our bodies |
| Atom | the smallest unit of an element and consist of three subatomic particles. - inanimate, can not be form of life |
| Proton | positively charged, found in nucleus of atom |
| Neutron | neutrally charged, found in nucleus of atom |
| Nucleus | the “center” of the atom made up on protons and neutrons |
| Electrons | the third subatomic particle and move around the nucleus |
| Atomic Number | define atoms the amount of protons found in the nucleus of the atom |
| Ion | an atom which has gained or lost an electron creating either a positively charged atom (one that has lost an electron) or a negatively charged atom (one that has gained an electron). Once they have gained or lost from their valence shell, they become ions |
| Mass Number | based upon the amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Oxygen 16 has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, so has a mass number of 16 |
| Isotope | a variety of the particular element which is identified by the amount of neutrons in the nucleus |
| Atomic Mass | the average mass of all the isotopes, based off of proportions of the isotopes in common existence Protons + Neutons = atomic mass |
| Radioactive | |
| Molecule | a structure which consists of two or more atoms bonded together. The simplest molecule is dihydrogen, which is two hydrogen molecules bonded together. |
| Compound | a molecule which consists of two or more elements. Dihydrogen-Monoxide (water or H2O is a very common compound) is an example with two hydrogens bonded to a oxygen atom. |
| Orbitals | the location of electrons around an atom. |
| Energy Shell | Several electrons exhibiting the same amount of energy are found in an energy shell. |
| Valance Shell | Atom's most outermost electrons |
| Chemical Bond | |
| Covalent Bond | where atoms have very similar strengths in electronegativity |
| Non-polar Covalent | bonds where the values difference are less than 0.5 hydrophobic |
| Polar Covalent | bonds occur when the value differences are equal or more than 0.5, but less than 1.9 hydrophilic have partial negative and positive charges as part of the electronegativity value different of the atoms. |
| Electronegativity | the amount of pull the protons of the nucleus have on their valence shell electrons. This association between protons and electrons will determine the type of bond that forms between two elements. * Based upon a scale of 0 to 4.0 (strongest). |
| Ionic Bond | where one atom steals the electrons from another atom making an ion |
| Hydrogen Bond | Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds which form between the various molecules that are polar covalent |
| Cohesion | Allows water to form a slight bubble shape over the rim of a glass |
| Adhesion | water’s ability to interact with other surfaces |
| Solvent | water is a usual solvent |
| Solutes | the substance which is dissolved in the solution ie: salt |
| Solution | a liquid substance which has a solvent and one or more solutes |
| Hydrophilic | attracted to and will dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic | will not dissolve in water |
| Evaporation | |
| Chemical Reaction | In a chemical reaction two or more molecules exchange one or more atoms and yield different molecules |
| Reactants | |
| Products | |
| Acid | - a substance which adds H+ ions, a hydrogen atom without an electron - Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid are two examples - Very corrosive |
| Base | - a substance which increases OH- ions in the solution or otherwise increase hydrogen acceptors. - aka Alkaline - typically bitter - Typical household bases include sodium hydroxide and baking soda |
| Neutral | one that has the same amount of H+ ions as OH- ions and results in water |
| pH Scale | measure of acidity or alkalinity (base) of a substance from 0-14 |
| Buffer System | |
| Organic Molecules | molecules which contain (at least) carbon and hydrogen All of life is based upon roughly the same 50-60 molecules just put together in a variety of orders |
| Monomers | Proteins, nucleic acids, and most carbohydrates are made of one or more building blocks called monomers Proteins: Amino Acids Nucleic acids: Nucleotides Carbohydrates: monosaccharides Monomers are put together via dehydration synthesis |
| Polymers | Polymers are molecular structures which are the result of many monomers built together. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | How monomers are put together to form polymers This reactions removes an OH (oxygen-hydrogen) from one molecules and a H atom (hydrogen) from another molecule. Results in the joining of the two molecules and forming of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | How monomers are taken apart results in water being separated into a H and an OH and are used to separate the two monomers from one another |
| Noble gasses | the right side of the periodic table, are not reactive - ie: helium |
| Bulk elements | 25 elements = living objects 4 most abundant include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogren (96% of living organism) |
| Carbohydrates | Carbohydrates are sugars. Typically have a combination of one carbon to one oxygen to two hydrogens. Carbohydrates are typically used for energy storage, structural components, or molecular identification. |
| Monosaccharide | A monosaccharide is a monomer of a carbohydrate. Glucose and fructose are two examples |
| Disaccharide | |
| Polysaccharide | Polysaccharides are carbohydrates with over a hundred monomers bound together. They create large molecular structures. starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose |
| Lipid | organic molecules which are hydrophobic |
| Triglyceride | Triglycerides consist of three long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to a glycerol. |
| Fatty acid | |
| Glycerol | |
| Carboxyl Group | |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | A saturated fat has all the hydrogen atoms possible and has a straight appearance Butter and margarine are examples |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A unsaturated fat has fewer hydrogens and has carbons which are double bonded to one another, creating a kink or a bend in the molecular structure Olive oil and other plant oils are examples |
| Transfats | |
| Sterols | four interconnected carbon chains Cholesterol is an important structure in the cell membrane of animals Some are used in communication |
| Waxes | - fatty acids combined with alcohols or other hydrocarbons - They are stiff water repellant material - The waxy coating of a fruit or the honeycombs of a beehive - Ear wax is another example |
| Protein | Highly versatile molecules which are made of amino acids |
| Peptide Bond | |
| Polypeptide Bond | |
| Amino Acid | An amino acid consists of: A central carbon A carboxyl group An Amino group A hydrogen atom A “R” group All of life uses the same 20 amino acids though hundreds exists |
| Amino Group | Amino acids are bound together by peptide bonds. The loss of an OH molecule off of the carboxyl of one amino acid and the hydrogen of the amino group of another amino acid. |
| R group | The “R” group is different with every amino acid |
| Protein Folding | |
| Primary structure | Primary (1o) is the amino acid sequence. A chain of amino acids attached to one another |
| Secondary Structure | Secondary is a folding which occurs between the former carboxyl of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. Note these are not the amino acids which are linked together via primary structure. Can form either beta sheets or alpha helixes. |
| Tertiary Structure | Tertiary (3o) structure is between the “R” groups of the various amino acids and creates the important 3D shape of the protein. |
| Quaternary Structure | Quaternary structure only occurs in some proteins and involves the bonding of several proteins together. Ie: hemoglobin |
| Denaturation | Denaturing of proteins results in a change in the 3D shape of the protein and it is no longer functional If the environmental conditions are not optimal then the proteins may denature. |
| Nucleic Acid | Nucleic acids are molecular structures which store or transmit genetic information Two types include: DNA & RNA |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | DNA is the inheritance material of all living organisms and is in a double helix shape. Consists of two strands bound together by hydrogen bonds Guanine to Cytosine Adenine to Thymine |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | |
| Nucleotide | There are 5 types of nucleotides based upon their nitrogenous base Adenine, Guanine, and Cytosine are found in both DNA and RNA Thymine is found only in DNA Uracil is found only in RNA |
| Nitrogenous Base | |
| Energy | something which causes motion in matter |
| Macromolecules | Organic molecules including: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleotides, and Lipids |
| glycogen | longer term energy storage molecule in animals |
| chitin | cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton material of many animals including Arthropods (insects, lobsters, crabs, etc.) |
| cellulose | Structural component of plant cell walls Most abundant organic molecule on the earth. |
| starch | the long term energy storage molecule found in plants. Starch foods include potatoes and onions |
| Environmental conditions for proteins | Temperature, pH, and salinity are 3 important environmental conditions for proteins to function. Most of your proteins depend on a pH of roughly 7, but the proteins in your stomach which are involved with digesting proteins depend on a pH of around 2. |
| cell | smallest single entity of life |
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kstackers
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