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OCR - U2 - I D
Infection Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of health | A state of mental, physical and social well being, not just the absence of disease |
| What is the definition of diease | The departure from good health caused by a malfunction in the body or mind |
| What is a parasite | An organism that lives in or on another living thing causing harm to its host |
| What is a pathogen | A disease causing organism |
| What is an example of a parasite | A tapeworm, these live and grow inside the body, they cause harm to the body by taking its nutrients |
| What is an example of a Pathogen | Bacteria, fungi and viruses, some may be harmless to humans but other bring on disease and pain |
| What is the parasite in malaria | Plasmodium, |
| How does malaria spread | Via the female anopheles mosquito, when the mosquito is pregnant it feeds off of human blood, this passes the plasmodium into the blood stream |
| How does malaria spread in the body | It enters the body, invades a liver cell, multiplies, leaves the cell, then invades red blood cells, it continues to do this and will eventually disrupt the blood supply. |
| How can malaria spread to other humans | Poor medical conditions, unscreened blood transfusions, unsterilised needles and can also be passed from mother to child via the placenta |
| What is HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| What does HIV attack | The T helper cells in the immune system, this lowers your ability to fight off infections and other pathogens |
| What is an opportunistic infection and how does it relate to HIV | The disease itself simply lowers the bodies defences, this however allows other pathogens and diseases to infect the body too, this is called an opportunistic infection |
| How does HIV spread | Blood to blood contact, sexual intercourse, unscreened blood transfusions, use of unsterilised medical equipment, mother to baby through placenta |
| What causes TB | Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
| What does it do in the body | It is usually inhaled, and thus sits in the lungs, it infects and kills lung cells causing tissue death this will naturally have severe effects on the ability to breath and oxygenate the body |
| how does it spread | It spreads via coughing, once inside the lungs, you will naturally cough and sneeze, acting as a spreading mechanism, anyone who breathes in the droplets will most likely become infected |
| What is a primary defence | An initial barrier that stop pathogens/parasites from entering the body |
| What is the immune response | The specific response to a detection of a foreign antigen present on a pathogen, which involves the action of lymphocytes and the production of antibodies |
| What are some primary defences | - Skin - Mucus/cilia action in the lungs - Antibodies in tears - wax in ear canal - Vagina has acidic conditions |
| What is the secondary defence | A pathogen has been detected in the body, due to its antigen being of a foreign nature |
| What is an antigen | A protein / polysaccharide found on the cell surface membrane, used to identify cells and used during cell signalling |
| What is phagocytosis | A phagocyte identifies a foreign antigen, engulfs the pathogen, forms a phagosome, lysosomes bond to the phagosome forming a phagolysosome, lysosomal enzymes hydrolyse the pathogen. Phagocyte places antigens on its surface. |
| What is an APC | Antigen Presenting Cell, Phagocytosis produces these |
| Why do infected cells release histamine | Histamine makes capillaries leaky forcing pathogens into the lymphatic system, this leads them to macrophages to be engulfed. |
| What is an antibody | A molecule produced by a lymphocyte, they are complimentary in shape to the antigen and each antigen detected has its on antibody |
| What does an antibody do | It attaches itself to the antigen and renders it harmless |
| What is Neutralisation | When antibodies cover the antigens bind sites in order to stop the pathogen form binding to anything else |
| What is agglutination | This is when antibodies with the ability to bind to multiple pathogens antigens will group the pathogens together forming clumps this makes it easier for them to be engulfed by macrophages |
| What is Active immunity | This is the type of immunity stimulated by the presence of foreign antigen |
| What is Active natural and artificial immunity | Natural - Immunity through catching a disease. Artificial - Immunity through something like a vaccine |
| What is Passive immunity | This is a form of immunity where you are given antibodies from an external source |
| What is Passive natural and artificial immunity | Natural - A baby receiving antibodies through breast milk or across the placenta Artificial - Being given a dose of antibodies for a specific immunity (tetanus) |
| Why are vaccines good | They allow the body to produce memory cells, to fight the antigen without feeling any effects of the disease. if enough people are vaccinated the disease dies out and people who aren't vaccinated are in much less danger. |
| what is an attenuated pathogen | A pathogen complete with antigens that is in a weak state, usually used in vaccines |
| why are flu vaccines so hard to synthesise | the antigens on the surface of the flu pathogen change frequently, this makes the bodies natural defences work tirelessly to find a matching antibody, begin clonal expansion and fight the infection. It also renders current memory cells useless |
Created by:
delldom
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