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OAT Bio
Chapter 13 - Ecology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ecology | study of the interactions btwn organisms and their environment |
| Environment | all that is external to the organism but vital for it's existence |
| abiotic | non-living or physical; climate, temp, light, water |
| biotic | living |
| Organism | individual unit of ecological system; has organ systems--organs--tissues--cells--molecules--atoms--subatomic particles |
| Population | group of organisms of same species living together in a given location |
| Communities | populations of different species interacting with each other in a given environment (includes all 5 Kingdoms); sometimes only includes biotic |
| Ecosystem | biotic communities plus nonliving environment |
| Biosphere | encompasses all portions of planet that supports life (atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere); thin zone |
| Physical Environment | water, temperature, sunlight (ultimate source of E), O2 supply, substratum (soil/rock) |
| Photic Zone | top layer of water where light can penetrate and photosynthetic activity happens |
| Aphotic Zone | lower part of water where heterotrophic life exists, dark and competitive |
| What 4 things affect soil? | pH, humus, minerals, texture |
| Habitat | the place where an organism lives |
| Niche | the functional role of an organism in its ecosystem (what it eats, how it gets food, where/how it reproduces, etc); no two species can occupy this at one time or competition for resources |
| Autotrophs | organisms that make their own food, mainly from sunlight E |
| Heterotrophs | cannot make own food, must depend upon other organsims |
| Herbivores | heterotrophs that only eat plants; they have symbiotic bacteria that digests cellulose and are better at defense since they be preyed on alot |
| Carnivores | heterotrophs that only eat other animals |
| Omnivores | heterotrophs that eat both plants and animals |
| Major types of Interspecific Interactions | symbiosis, predation, saprophytism, and scavenging |
| Symbiosis | when organisms live together, often permanently, and it is either beneficial, harmful, or causes no harm; sometimes mandatory |
| Commensalism | one organism benefits, the other is not affected |
| Mutualism | both organisms benefit (ex. intestinal bacteria and humans) |
| Parasitism | parasite (virus) benefits and host is harmed |
| Predation | when predators feed on prey; mostly dnt feed to the point where prey becomes extinct tho |
| Saprophytism | those that decompose dead organic matter externally and absorb nutrients (mushroom, mold, etc fungi) |
| Scavengers | those that consume dead animals (vulture) |
| Interspecific Interactions | relations btwn species |
| Intraspecific Interactions | relations within species |
| Osmoregulation | maintaining osmolarity (solute/salt) and conservation of water |
| Thermoregulation | poikilotherms- cold blooded animals, heat E escapes to environment, body temp = surrounding temp homeotherms- warm blooded animals, can keep heat, body temp is higher than surroundings |
| Food Chain | single chain showing transfer of E; producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, decomposers |
| Producers | autotrophs and chemosynthetic bacteria; they use sun E and raw materials to make carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids |
| Primary Consumer | animals that consume green plants in food chain (herbivores) |
| Secondary Consumer | animals that eat primary consumers (carnivores) |
| Decomposers | include saporphytic and organisms of decay; decompose shit to simpler compounds |
| Food Web | intricate collection of interconnected food chains; keeps communities stable |
| Food Pyramid | most E at the bottom where producers are and decomposers get the least amount of E cuz E is used and lost in form of heat at each level; as you go up there is less E, less mass, and less organisms |
| Material Cycles | cycles accomplished by scavengers and saprophytes |
| Nitrogen | essential for AA and nuclei acids so it must be recycled and reused |
| Nitrogen Cycle | plants intake nitrates, animals eat em, animals make wastes and decay bacteria cause ammonia, ammonia is w nitifying bacteria to become nitrate for plants or w denitrifying bacteria which make N2 and N2 goes to beginning of cycle to be nitrogen fixed |
| Bacteria used in nitrogen cycle | Nitrogen fixing bacteria (nitrates), decay bacteria (ammonia), nitrifying bacteria (nitrates), denitrifying bacteria (N2) |
| Carbon Cycle | CO2 in atmosphere--used by plants photosynthesis--animals eat plants--shit out wastes--decay bacteria release CO2 back to air |
| Stable Ecosystem includes | stable physical environment/biotic community, constant E source and biotic animals taking in E, cycling of materials for reuse |
| Ecological Succession | orderly process by which 1 community replaces or succeeds another until climax community is reached; each sere has a dominant species |
| Example of E. Succession | lichen-moss-grass-shrubs and trees--maple trees (climax community) each one sets up environment for the next population |
| Climax Community | the stable, living part of the ecosystem where populations exist in balance with each other and the environment |
| Terrestrial Biomes | land biomes that are characterized by climax vegetaion |
| Desert Biome | receives less than 10 inches of rain, small plants and animals (lizards and insects, camel) live here, plants conserve water |
| Grassland Biome | low rainfall, no shelter for herbivores but many animals here have long legs and hooves; praires |
| Tropical Rain Forest | jungles with high temp and alota rain, alota vegetation, trees are close, many saprophytes on ground, many birds, monkeys, snakes etc |
| Temperate Deciduous Forest | cold winters, warm summers, moderate rainfall; trees shed leaves, deer fox squirrels, maple oak willow beech |
| Temperate Coniferous Forest | cold, dry, pine and spruce trees, needle-shaped leaves for water conservation |
| Taiga Biome | less rainfall than temperate, long cold winters, only spruce trees, moss lichens, moose, black bear, wolf |
| Tundra | treeless, frozen plain, short summer, polar bears oxen arctic hens |
| Polar Region | frozen area with no vegetation and few animals |
| Aquatic Biomes | the most stable, two kinds: marine and freshwater, balanced food web, 90 of Earth's food comes from these |
| Marine Biome | Oceans, controls Earth's temp, can use alota heat without changing temp, has 3 zones |
| Intertidal Zone | low tides that has variations in temp and dryness |
| Littoral Zone | farther out in ocean, deeper in ocean |
| Pelagic Zone | typical open sea, photic and aphotic layer |
| Freshwater Biome | rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes; freshwater life is affected by temp, depth, O2, salt concentration, etc; hypotonic |
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