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Food & Health

Unit 2 Module 2 OCR Biology AS

TermDefinition
Lipoprotein Combination of lipids, cholesterol and protein used to transport fats and cholesterol around the body.
CHD The result of fatty substances building up in the wall of arteries (atherosclerosis), lumen is narrowed and oxygen starvation may occur.
Choleserol Similar properties to a triglyceride, made in the liver from saturated fats. High blood cholesterol is linked to deaths from CHD.
HDL Made up of unsaturated fats, cholesterol and protein.Carry cholesterol from body to liver, where it is used in cell metabolism to make bile. HDL reduce deposition in artery walls.
LDL Made up of saturated fats, cholesterol and protein. Carry cholesterol from liver to tissues. Causes deposition in artery walls.
Irradation Ionising radiation, kills microorganisms by disrupting their DNA structure.
Mycoprotein A protein made by fungus , contains no cholesterol or iron.
TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vector An organism that carries a disease-causing organism from one host to another.
Neutrophil Most common type of phagocyte, has a multi-lobed nucleus. Manufactured in bone marrow.
Macrophage Larger phagocytic cells manufactured in the bone marrow. Travel in blood as monocytes. Develops into macrophage when settled in an organ, often the lymph nodes.
Antigen A foreign molecule (either protein or glycoprotein) that provokes the immune response. Antigens are located on the plasma membrane.
Antibody Protein molecules produced by lymphocytes, released in response to an antigen, capable of neutralising the antigen, or causing agglutination.
Phagosome A vacuole inside a phagocyte, created by an infolding of the plasma membrane to engulf a foreign particle.
Antibody structure 4 polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bridges. A constant region, the same in all antibodies. A variable region that is dependent on the amino acid sequence. Hinge regions allowing flexibility.
T lymphocytes Differentiate into 3 types: T-helper releases cytokines to stimulate B cells, T-killer attack infected cells, T memory cells.
B lymphocytes 2 types: plasma cells that manufacture antibodies, and B-memory cells that remain in the body and act as immunological memory.
Passive immunity Natural: antibodies provided via placenta/breast milk. Artificial: Immunity provided through injecting antibodies made by another person, e.g. tetanus injections.
Active immunity Natural: immune system makes antibodies due to an infection. Artificial: immunity achieved by injecting pathogen(weak or dead), activating the immune system to produce antibodies.
Herd vaccination Stab the needles into whole population.
Ring vaccination Used in cases of a new disease, only stab needles into people stupid enough to catch it.
Short tern effects of smoking Tar settles on lining of airways, increasing diffusion distance for gas exchange. Tar destroys the cilia in the airways, also stimulates the goblet cells. Bacteria in mucus can't be removed.
Long term effects of smoking Smoker's cough develops, which damages the lining of the airways. Smooth muscle thickens due to coughing, reducing lumen of airway, flow of air is permanently restricted. Frequent infections. Risk of lung cancer.
Nicotine Addictive chemical, which causes adrenaline to be released, affects platelets in blood making them sticky causing a risk of blood clots.
Carbon monoxide Combine with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin, this reduces the oxygen carrying ability of the blood.
Cardiovascular diseases Atherosclerosis, CHD, stroke and arteriosclerosis.
Created by: grace.bradshaw
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