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OAT Bio
Chapter 15 - Evolution
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Evolution | change of genetic makeup of a population over time |
| Fossils | most direct evidence for evolution, found in sedimentary rocks |
| Petrification | when minerals replace cells of an organism |
| Molds | hollow spaces of rocks as organism within decays |
| Casts | minerals deposited in molds |
| Homologous Structures | same basic anatomical features and evolutionary origins |
| Analogous Structures | similar functions but different origin |
| Comparative Embryology | when stages of development of embryo are similar |
| Comparative Biochemistry | when metabolic processes and basic needs are the same/similar like respiratory processes or genetic info |
| Vestigial Structures | appear to be useless but had some ancestral function (our appendix is useless but the ones in herbivores assists in digesting cellulose) |
| Geographic Barriers | when migration occurred to lessen intraspecific competition; populations adapt to new environment and this leads to reproductive isolation |
| Systematics | field of study that constructs and studies evolutionary relationships |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
| Cladistics | used to classify organisms based on phylogeny relationships; predicts how an ancestor has evolved to descendents |
| Lamarckian Evolution | theory tht organs/changes arose cuz of the needs of the organism; discredited |
| Darwin's Natural Selection | pressures in the environment select for the organism most fit to survive and reproduce |
| Variations | caused by mutations; offspring show this; the ones that are adaptive survive and are passed down |
| Population | members of a species that live in a given location |
| gene pool | sum of all alleles for a trait in the population |
| gene frequency | decimal fraction of the presence of an allele for all members that have the gene locus |
| p | dominant allele |
| q | recessive allele |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equation | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1; equilibrium that exists among all genes in a gene pool; stable gene pool |
| Real Populations | __ _____ have unstable gene pools and migrating populations |
| Microevolution agents | natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift, and gene flow |
| Assortive Mating | when mating isn't random, ppl choose who they want to mate with based on phenotype |
| Genetic Drift | changes in the composition of the gene pool aka founder effect |
| Gene Flow | migration leads to a gain and loss of genes, changing the gene pool |
| Speciation | evolution of new species (can only breed with those of the same species) |
| Deme | a small local population of interbreeding organisms of same species (beavers on the same end of a river) |
| Adaptive Radiation | emergence of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species; each lineage has its own niche or lifestyle |
| Convergent Evolution | when diff species develop similarly cuz of same environment |
| Divergent Evolution | same ancestor but geographic isolation leads to no gene flow so mating eventually becomes impossible |
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